amvEBSiTY  or  California  publications 
COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


BEAN  CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA 

BY 

G.  W.  HENDRY 

WITH  APPENDIX  ON 

COMPOSITION  OF  CALIFORNIA  VARIETIES  OF  BEANS 

By  M.  E.  JAFFA  and  F.  W.  ALBRO 

AND  ON 

INSECT  AND  OTHER  ENEMIES  OF  BEANS 

By  E.  R.  DEONG 


BULLETIN  No.  294 

April,  1918 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY 

1918 


Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS   OF  DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Director. 
Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

Herbert  J.  Webber,  Director  Citrus  Experiment  Station;  Plant  Breeding. 
Hubert  E.  Van  Norman,  Vice-Director;  Dairy  Management. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Charles  W.  Woodworth,  Entomology. 
Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
J.  Eliot  Coit,  Citriculture. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Enology. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
John  S.  Burd,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
Charles  B.  Lipman,  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology. 
Clarence  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science  and  Bacteriology. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
J.  B.  Davidson,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 
W.  L.  Howard,  Pomology. 
IFrank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 
C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
O.  J.  Kern,  Agricultural  Education. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 
S.  S.  Rogers,  Olericulture. 
R.  S.  Vaile,  Orchard  Management. 
J.  G.  Moodey,  Assistant  to  the  Director. 
Mrs.  D.  L.  Bunnell,  Librarian. 


t  In  co-operation  with  office  of  Public  Roads   and  Rural   Engineering,   U.   S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


Lady  Washington 


Garbanzo  (coast  grown) 


oti 


Bayo  (one  year  old) 


m 


Red  Mexican 


Bayo 


Cranberry 


Garbanzo  (interior  grown) 


Oil 


Pmfc 


»AI 


Spotted  Red  Mexican 

CALIFORNIA    FIELD    BEANS 

(ACTUAL    SIZE) 


Red  Kidney 

Photographs  by  W.  C.  Matthews 


BEAN   CULTURE   IN   CALIFORNIA 


By  G.  W.  HENDEY 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Introduction   288 

Varieties 288 

Commercial   importance   of    va- 
rieties   (table)    289 

The  Lima 289 

Distribution  of  varieties  (table)    290 

The  Pink  295 

The  Small  White 298 

The  Blue  Pod 299 

The  Lady  Washington 300 

The  Blackeye  302 

The  Cranberry  304 

The  Bayo 305 

The   Garbanzo    308 

The  Eed  Mexican 309 

The  Red  Kidney 311 

The  White  Tepary 312 

The  Horse  Bean 314 

The  Henderson  Bush 316 

The  French  White 317 

The  Spotted  Eed  Mexican 318 

Where  to  plant  the  different  va- 
rieties    319 

Description  of  varieties  (table)....  320 

Habit  of  growth 320 

Dimensions  of  leaves 320 

Dimensions  of  pods 320 

Dimensions  of  seeds 320 

Seed  per  pod 320 

Color  of  flower 320 

Weight  per  bushel 320 

Yield    of    varieties    by    districts 
(table)  321 

Adaptations    322 

Soil  requirements  322 

Climatic  requirements  323 

Alkali  tolerance  323 

Preparation  of  the  soil 324 

Unirrigated  lands 324 

Fall   plowing   325 

Winter  working  325 

Spring  working  326 


PAGE 

Subirrigated  lands 328 

Planting    326 

Time  of  planting 326 

Early  vs.  late  planting  at  Davis  327 
Early  vs.  late  planting  at  Berke- 
ley      327 

Effect     of     planting     date     on 
blossoming    and    life    periods 

(table)  328 

Methods  of  planting 329 

Depth  of  planting 329 

Eate  of  planting 329 

Filling  blanks  and  thinning  ....  331 

Choice   of   seed 331 

Cultivation 331 

Irrigation    332 

Time  of  irrigation 332 

Methods  of  irrigation 332 

Harvesting    332 

Time  of  harvesting 332 

Method  of  harvesting 333 

Curing   333 

Threshing    334 

The  floor  method 334 

The  stationary  machine  method  335 

The  combined  harvester  method  335 

Preparation  for  market 335 

Cleaning  and  polishing 335 

Shrinkage    336 

Picking    336 

Sacking   333 

Commercial  grading  336 

Double  cropping  of  bean  land 337 

Cost  of  growing  beans 338 

Utilization  of  bean  straw 340 

Composition  of  varieties  of  beans  341 

Composition  of  seeds 341 

Composition  of  straws 342 

Composition  of  pods 342 

Analyses   (table)   343 

Insect  and  other  enemies  of  beans  344 


288  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


INTRODUCTION 

In  1917  California  produced  on  558,000  acres,  8,035,000  bushels  of 
dry  beans,  constituting  44  per  cent  of  the  entire  crop  of  the  United 
States,  and  exceeding  by  4.78  per  cent  the  combined  output  of  the 
five  next  important  states,  Michigan,  New  York,  Colorado,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  Arizona.  Statistics  for  the  production  of  these  states  and  in 
California  follow  i1 

Table  1. — Bean  Production  by  States  in  1917 

Production 
1917  1916  1915 

State  Bushels  Bushels  Bushels 

California  8,035,000  5,576,000  3,838,000 

Michigan  3,514,000  3,102,000  4,250,000 

New  York  1,575,000  1,140,000  1,495  000 

Colorado   1;467,000  424,000  340,000 

New  Mexico  958,000  425,000  338  000 

Arizona  152,000  48,000                        

Total   15,701,000  10,715,000  10,321  000 

California's  558,000  acres  in  1917  were  distributed  approximately 
as  follows : 

Acres 

Southern  California  314,000 

San  Joaquin  Valley 45,000 

Stockton  Delta  30,000 

Sacramento   Valley   130,000 

Central  Coast  30  000 

Miscellaneous    9,000 

Total    558,000 

VARIETIES 

Fifteen  varieties  of  beans  are  staples  on  the  California  markets  at 
the  present  time,  many  of  which  are  unknown  in  the  eastern  bean 
districts.  Some  were  introduced  by  the  Spanish  missionaries,  some 
came  through  our  early  trade  with  the  west  coast  of  South  America, 
and  some  came  directly  from  the  Indian  tribes  of  Mexico.  One  is 
known  to  be  of  Oriental  origin. 

These  varieties  not  only  differ  from  each  other  botanically,  there 
being  four  genera  and  six  distinct  species  represented,  but  they  exhibit 
well-defined  climatic  preferences.  Some  thrive  best  in  the  warm  in- 
terior districts,  others  in  the  cooler  coast  districts;  some  are  sensitive 


>  Monthly  Crop  Report,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Dec,  1917,  vol.  :;,  no.  12. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


289 


to  the  slightest  frost,  while  others  make  their  best  growth  during  the 
winter  months.  Some  germinate  best  in  warm  moist  soils,  some  in  cool 
moist  soils,  while  others  have  the  property  of  germinating  in  compara- 
tively dry  soils.  Some  ripen  in  100  days  while  others  under  the  same 
conditions  require  160  days.  The  occurrence  and  duration  of  the 
blossoming  period  is  equally  variable  and  is  a  varietal  characteristic 
(table  8).  Some  are  incapable  of  setting  pods  during  hot  weather 
while  others  are  similarly  affected  bv  cool  weather.  Some  exhibit  a 
wide  adaptability  while  others  are  narrowly  circumscribed  in  their 
range  for  profitable  production. 


Table  2. — Commercial  Importance  of  Varieties 

Production  Production  Production  Production 

1914  in  1915  in  1916  in  1917  in 

Variety                   90-lb.  bags1  90-lb.  bags1  90-lb.  bags1  100-lb.  bags 

Lima  1,490,000  1,765,000  1,800,000  1,224,000 

Pink   525,000  625,000  725,000  1,200,000 

Small  White  and  Blue 

Pod  340,000  650,000  566,000  900,000 

Lady  Washington 145,000  174,000  335,000  610,000 

Blackeye  175,000  242,000  183,000  300,000 

Cranberry    182,000  175,000  200,000  150,000 

Bayo  66,000  92,000  125,000  125,000 

Garbanzo   40,000  50,000  90,000            

Red  Mexican  25,000  40,000  75,000  135,000 

Red  Kidney  25,000  25,000  20,000  20,000 

Tepary   1,000  5,000  25,000  100,000 

Horse   50,000  55,000  45,000  75,000 

French  White  100  500  1,000  12,000 

Spotted  Red  Mexican               300  500  700  500 

Henderson  Bush  116,000 

1  Estimates  compiled  from  various  wholesale  dealers,   and  warehouse  reports. 


Av.  wholesale 
Dec.  price 
per  cental, 
1912-1916 

$5.40 
4.10 


5.50 
4.95 
3.85 
4.65 
4.60 
3.70 
4.60 
5.90 
2.50 
2.75 
4.90 
3.00 


THE  LIMA  BEAN   (Phaseolus  Lunatus) 

Synonyms. — Common  Lima,  Butter,  Frijolito  de  Cuba  (Spanish). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Lima  is  a  native  of  South  America,  Avhere  it  is 
found  growing  as  a  wild  perennial  in  the  Amazon  basin  of  Brazil.  It  was  brought 
under  cultivation  in  prehistoric  times  and  well-preserved  specimens  have  been  dis- 
covered by  Wittmack2  in  the  excavations  of  prehistoric  dwellings  at  Ancon,  Peru. 
Numerous  introductions  have  been  made  into  the  United  States  from  time  to  time, 
one  of  the  first  of  which  we  have  a  record  having  been  made  by  Captain  John 
Harris,  U.  S.  N.,  in  1824.  He  secured  seed  in  Lima,  the  capitol  of  Peru,  and  grew 
it  on  his  farm  in  Chester,  New  York,  in  1825.  Subsequently  it  came  into  general 
cultivation  as  a  garden  vegetable  in  the  eastern  states.     It  arrived  in  California  at 


2  Wittmack,  Sitz.  Bot.  Vereins  Branden,  Dec.  19,  1879. 


290 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


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UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


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Pig.   1. — Range  of  cultivation  for  the  loading  varieties  in   1917.     The  Mack  areas 

represent  range,  not  acreage. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  293 

a  much  earlier  date  than  has  been  generally  recognized.  H.  McNally  Company, 
of  San  Francisco,  advertised  Lima  seed  in  the  Alia  in  1855.  This  is  the  first 
record  we  have  of  the  Lima  in  California.  As  early  as  1859  an  unsigned  article 
appeared  in  the  California  Culturists  urging  its  culture  as  a  garden  vegetable, 
and  it  was  used  for  this  purpose  for  at  least  twenty  years  before  its  possibilities 
as  a  field  crop  became  recognized.  In  1872  Mr.  Robert  McAlister  planted  Limas 
on  his  ranch  in  the  Carpinteria  Valley,  and  they  yielded  abundantly  without  the 
use  of  poles.  Mr.  Henry  Fish,  a  neighbor,  then  succeeded  in  interesting  Dexter 
M.  Ferry  in  the  production  of  Lima  beans  for  seed  in  that  valley,  and  in  1875 
Ferry  sent  the  first  selected  seed  to  California  to  be  grown  under  contract;  and 
it  is  thought  that  the  present  strain  has  been  developed  from  this  stock.  It  suc- 
cess as  a  seed  crop  soon  led  to  its  used  as  a  field  crop,  and  in  1877  it  made  its 
first  appearance  on  the  California  market  as  a  commercial  dry  bean  in  competition 
with  the  Bayo,  Pink,  Small  White,  and  other  older  field  varieties. 

The  present  commercial  Lima  known  as  the  Lewis,  originated  from  the  product 
of  a  single  plant  selection  made  by  Dozier  Lewis  in  about  1888. 

Range  in  California. — The  Lima  is  the  most  extensively  grown,  yet 
the  most  circumscribed  in  its  range  of  any  of  the  California  bean 
.varieties.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  Restricted  portions  of  five  small  counties 
on  the  coast  of  southern  California  produce  virtually  the  entire  crop. 
The  northern  limit  of  profitable  production  is  sharply  defined  and  is 
in  the  vicinity  of  Tajignas  on  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara  County. 
North  of  Tajiguas  it  is  entirely  replaced,  largely  by  the  Small  White 
and  Blue  Pod  varieties.  From  Tajiguas  south  it  is  extensively  grown 
in  a  narrow  belt  skirting  the  coast  and  within  the  fog  belt  through 
Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  Orange,  and  San  Diego  Counties  to  Ensenada, 
Mexico.  On  the  higher  lands  of  this  district,  somewhat  removed  from 
the  ameliorating  influence  of  the  sea,  it  is  replaced  by  the  Blackeye, 
Tepary.  Lady  Washington,  Henderson  Bush,  and  Pink  varieties.  The 
centers  of  greatest  production  are  at  Carpinteria  in  Santa  Barbara 
County,  at  Ventura,  Oxnard,  and  Santa  Paula  in  Ventura  County, 
at  Sawtelle,  Inglewood,  Redondo,  and  Downey  in  Los  Angeles  County, 
and  at  Santa  Margarita,  and  Oceanside  in  San  Diego  County.  The 
Irvine  Ranch  alone,  in  Orange  County,  planted  18,500  acres  of  Limas 
in  1917. 

Adaptations. — The  Lima  is  one  of  the  most  exacting  in  its  require- 
ments of  all  varieties,  and  grows  to  perfection  in  California  only  in  the 
warm,  humid  climate  of  the  southern  coast  region  ;  although  tried  again 
and  again  it  has  not  succeeded  in  making  a  good  impression  in  other 
parts  of  the  state.  In  the  coast  districts  north  of  Point  Conception. all 
efforts  to  cultivate  it  have  been  abandoned  because  of  its  late  maturity. 
In  the  Lompoc  Valley  plantings  made  in  May  have  not  ripened  and 


s  California  Culturist,  Dec,  15,  1859,  vol.  1,  no.  11,  pp.  475-476, 


294 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 


dried  sufficiently  to  thresh  until  the  middle  of  December,  235  days 
from  planting,  and  a  planting  made  May  1,  1917,  at  Berkeley  remained 
green  until  killed  by  frost  in  December,  230  days  from  planting 
(table  8).  A  planting  made  June  4,  1917  on  the  coast  of  Del  Norte 
County  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state  was  frosted  before 
the  pods  filled.  These  and  numerous  other  instances  point  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  Lima  requires  more  heat  units  to  ripen  than  are 


Fig.  2.— Bean  pods.  Left,  Blaekeye.  Upper  row,  left  to  right:  Horse  Bean, 
Lima,  Bayo,  Red  Kidney,  French  White,  Cranberry.  Lower  row,  left  to  right: 
Lady  Washington,  Spotted  Red  Mexican,  Red  Mexican,  Pink,  Blue  Pod.  Small 
White,  Tepary,  Garbanzo. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA  295 

provided  in  the  coastal  regions  of  central  and  northern  California. 
All  efforts  to  cultivate  it  as  a  field  crop  in  the  interior  valleys  of  the 
state  have  been  equally  unsuccessful,  but  its  failure  here  cannot  be 
attributed  to  a  lack  of  heat.  The  vines  have  grown  with  vigor  and 
luxuriance,  and  blossoms  have  been  produced  in  profusion,  but  the 
dry  heat  has  allowed  only  a  scant  setting  of  pods.  Of  the  numerous 
varieties  tested  at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis,  only  the  bush  varie- 
ties have  approached  anything  like  a  profitable  yield,  and  similar 
observations  have  been  made  in  the  Turlock  district,  and  in  the 
Imperial  Valley.     (Table  5.) 

There  are,  however,  limited  areas  where  the  climatic  conditions 
approach  those  of  the  Lima  belt  of  southern  California,  and  where 
the  Lima  may  be  grown  with  moderate  success.  At  Clarksburg,  Yolo 
County,  in  1917  a  yield  of  1577  pounds  per  acre  was  obtained,  but  the 
quality  of  the  product  did  not  compare  favorably  with  that  grown 
in  the  more  genial  climate  of  southern  California.  It  has  also  been 
grown  with  indifferent  success  on  Grizzly  Island  and  in  other  parts 
of  the  Stockton  delta. 

Utilization. — Dry  Lima  beans  grown  in  Southern  California  are  a 
staple  on  the  markets  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
They  are  also  used  in  both  the  dry  and  green  state  for  canning. 

THE  PINK  BEAN   (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Rosa  (Mexican),  Bavo  Medio  (Chilean),  Rancaguino  (Chilean), 
Yura  mon   (Mexican  Indian). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Pink  bean  is  a  native  of  South  America  and  has 
been  cultivated  in  the  department  of  Rancagua,  Chile,  and  known  as  the  Ranca- 
giiino frijol,  as  far  back  as  we  have  records  of  that  country.  It  has  also  been 
a  favorite  bean  in  the  states  of  central  Mexico  where  it  is  known  as  the  frijol 
rosa,  and  where  it  has  been  cultivated  since  the  time  of  the  conquest.  It  is  known 
as  the  Yura  mon  (White  Man  bean)  by  the  Indians  in  northern  Mexico,  a  circum- 
stance suggesting  its  introduction  in  that  country  by  the  Spanish  conquerors.  It 
is  at  present  the  most  extensively  cultivated  field  bean  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  California  its  production  is  exceeded  only  by  that 
of  the  Lima.  (Table  2.)  In  total  quantity  it  constitutes  about  6.6  per  cent  of 
the  entire  bean  production  of  the  United  States.  The  exact  date  of  its  appearance 
in  California  is  uncertain,  but  it  was  first  quoted  as  a  commercial  product  on  the 
California  market  in  The  Alta  in  1866.  It  has  never  been  listed  by  eastern 
seedsmen,  nor  has  it  been  grown  in  the  eastern  bean  districts.  A  small  seeded 
strain  called  the  Small  Pink  is  occasionally  grown  in  California. 

Range  in  California. — The  Pink  Bean  has  the  widest  distribution 
of  any  of  our  varieties,  although  second  to  the  Lima  in  point  of  total 
production.      (Table  3,  fig.  1.)      It  is  prominent  in  all  of  our  bean 


296  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

districts  and  stands  first  in  both  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  the  Stock- 
ton delta.  Extensive  plantings  are  also  made  in  the  bean  districts  of 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  the  central  coast  counties  and  in  southern 
California.  On  lands  bordering  the  coast  and  under  the  immediate 
influence  of  the  ocean  it  has  not  been  as  prolific  or  as  extensively 
cultivated  as  some  other  varieties,  but  on  the  higher  lands  and  in  the 
smaller  valleys  from  San  Francisco  to  Oxnard,  including  the  Half 
Moon  Bay,  Watsonville,  Salinas,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Lompoc,  Santa 
Maria,  and  the  Oxnard  districts,  it  has  been  the  favorite  and  most 
generally  cultivated  variety.  From  Oxnard  south,  the  Lima  pre- 
dominates on  the  coast,  but  on  the  higher  lands  the  Pink  is  largely 
replaced  by  the  Blackeye  and  to  some  extent  by  the  Tepary  and 
Henderson  Bush. 

Scattered  plantings  in  smaller  acreages  are  also  reported  from  the 
Mattole  Valley  in  Humboldt  County,  from  the  Owens  Valley  in  Inyo 
County,  the  Imperial  Valley,  from  Blythe  in  eastern  Riverside 
County,  the  delta  of  the  Kaweah  River  and  the  Tulare  Lake  district 
in  Kings  and  Tulare  Counties. 

Adaptations. — The  Pink  is  at  its  best  on  good  bottom  land,  but 
with  irrigation  and  late  planting  is  capable  of  yielding  moderately 
on  the  drier  uplands,  under  conditions  too  difficult  for  such  varieties 
as  the  Large  Lima,  Small  White,  Blue  Pod,  Bayo  or  Cranberry, 
although  it  cannot  compete  with  either  the  Blackeye  or  Tepary  under 
conditions  of  extreme  heat  and  drouth.  This  general  relationship  is 
confirmed  by  experiments  at  Davis,  Turlock,  Fresno,  and  the  Imperial 
Valley. 

In  the  coast  districts  of  northern  and  central  California  it  vields 
well,  but  is  often  surpassed  by  other  varieties.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
reliable,  and  is  at  the  same  time  the  most  extensively  cultivated  variety 
in  the  island  districts  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River,  and  in  the 
Stockton  delta.  Here  it  is  rarely  damaged  by  hot  weather,  and  ripens 
on  moist  subirrigated  soils  where  many  other  varieties  grow  later  in 
the  season. 

Utilization. — The  southwest  generally  is  the  principal  market  for 
California-grown  Pink  beans.  The  Mexican  population  of  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  southern  California  and  Mexico,  prefer  them  to 
the  white  varieties.  A  small  portion  of  the  crop  always  goes  to  the 
southern  states,  especially  Virginia,  Louisiana,  and  Maryland;  and  it 
is  being  received  more  favorably  each  year  in  the  middle  western 
markets,  especially  at  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Kansas  City,  St.  Louis, 
St.  Joseph,  Omaha,  and  Salt  Lake  City.     Its  acceptance  on  the  east- 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


297 


crn  markets  is  of  comparatively  recent  date,  New  York  and  Baltimore 
having  taken  small  lots  in  1916.  Since  the  war  it  has  been  used  by 
the  eastern  canning  trade  as  a  substitute  for  the  Red  Kidney,  in  the 
preparation  of  Chile  con  carne. 


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Fig.  3. —  (1)  Bean  land  should  be  plowed  deep  in  the  fall.  (2)  It  should 
remain  rough  until  moist  enough  to  pulverize.  (3)  It  should  be  reduced  with  a 
heavy  roller.  (4)  The  crust  should  be  broken  as  often  as  formed  during  the 
winter.  (5)  The  chisel  is  an  efficient  implement  for  winter  working.  (6)  The 
cyclone  destroys  Aveeds  and  maintains  a  shallow  mulch.  (7)  The  cyclone  should 
be  used  frequently  from  the  close  of  the  rainy  season  until  planting  time.  (8) 
The  knife  cultivator  should  be  used  for  the  later  cultivations.  (Photos  by  the 
Ventura  Implement  Co.) 


298  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


THE  SMALL  WHITE  BEAN  (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Frijol  Coscorron  Chico  (Chile),  California  White  Tree.  It  is 
similar  to  Navy  and  Marrow  Pea  varieties  of  the  eastern  states,  and  the  Blue  Pod 
of  California. 

Agricultural  History. — The  Small  White  is  an  old  and  deservedly  esteemed 
Variety  in  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it  has  been  so  long  in  cultivation  with- 
out any  distinct  records  to  guide  us  to  its  origin  that  very  little  of  its  early 
history  is  known.  Carlos  Manriquez  Eivera,  director  of  the  agricultural  experi- 
ment station  at  Santiago,  Chile,  has  identified  California-grown  Small  White 
beans  as  being  identical  with  the  variety  Coscorron  Chico,  which  is  considered  a 
native  of  Chile.  All  other  available  evidence  points  to  South  America  as  the 
original  source  of  the  seed,  but  as  it  is  practically  unknown  in  Mexico,  it  probably 
did  not  come  to  the  United  States  through  that  country. 

Wickson^  reports  that  it  was  brought  to  California  from  New  York  as  far  back 
as  1852,  but  the  first  record  which  we  have  of  it  as  a  California-grown  product 
is  in  a  market  quotation  appearing  in  the  San  Francisco  Herald  for  September  16, 
1855,  in  which  it  is  reported  that  27  sacks  of  California  White  beans  sold  for 
8  cents  per  pound.  The  first  mention  of  beans  of  any  kind  in  a  California  news- 
paper, probably  occurred  in  the  Alta  on  November  1,  1849,  in  which  in  a  statement 
of  the  current  wholesale  prices  prepared  by  Woodworth  and  Norris,  American  bean 
in  contradistinction  to  Chile  (imported  beans),  are  quoted  at  from  $10  to  $12 
per  barrel.  These  American  beans  were  doubtless  imported  from  the  eastern 
United  States  and  were  in  all  probability  Small  White  beans,  for  the  name  Ameri- 
can beans  disappeared  from  the  market  quotations  during  the  following  years  and 
the  name  ' '  Small  White ' '  appeared  in  its  stead. 

Range  in  California. — The  cultivation  of  the  Small  White  bean  is 
virtually  limited  to  the  coastal  districts  of  central  and  southern  Cali- 
fornia. (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  It  is  grown  in  every  agricultural  district 
on  the  west  side  of  the  coast  range  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego, 
but  is  most  abundantly  produced  in  the  Pajaro  and  Salinas  valleys, 
where  it  equals  about  the  total  production  of  all  other  varieties. 
Formerly  it  was  the  leading  variety  in  the  Lompoc,  Santa  Maria,  San 
Luis  Obispo,  and  Arroyo  Grande  districts,  but  it  has  now  been  largely 
superseded  in  these  places  by  its  near  relative,  the  Blue  Pod.  In  like 
manner  it  is  yielding  ground  each  year  to  the  Blue  Pod  in  all  other 
parts  of  its  territory.  It  occupied  about  65  per  cent  of  the  total  bean 
acreage  in  the  Salinas  Valley  in  1917,  but  is  here  limited  to  a  small 
strip  of  the  valley  iioor  extending  about  eight  miles  north  and  ten 
miles  south  of  the  town  of  Salinas.  In  all,  there  were  approximately 
thirteen  thousand  acres  in  Monterey  County  in  1917.  Small  plantings 
were  also  reported  in  1917  from  the  Mattole  and  Eel  valleys  in  Hum- 

4  Wickson,  E.  J.,  California  Vegetables,  p.  199,  Pacific  Rural  Press,  S.  F.,  1910. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  299 

boldt  County,  from  near  Tomales,  Fallon,  and  Novato  in  Marin 
County,  from  Nevada,  Placer,  and  El  Dorado  counties,  and  from  the 
Owens  Valley  in  Inyo  County. 

Adaptations. — The  Small  White  succeeds  best  in  the  cool  humid 
climate  of  the  coast  region  from  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Barbara  and 
outyielded  all  other  (Phaseolus)  varieties  at  Berkeley  in  1917.  (Table 
5.)  It  is  also  well  adapted  to  the  coast  districts  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, but  because  of  its  later  maturity  is  less  reliable  here  than  the 
Lady  Washington.  It  succeeds  moderately  well  in  the  cooler  portions 
of  the  Stockton  delta,  but  not  so  well  as  the  Pink  and  the  Lady  Wash- 
ington. It  is  sensitive  to  hot  weather  and  all  attempts  to  grow  it  at 
Davis,  Turlock,  Oakdale,  Fresno,  El  Centro,  and  in  fact  in  all  hot 
situations,  have  resulted  in  failure.  The  seed  not  only  germinates 
more  readily  in  cooler  soils  than  that  of  most  other  (Phaseolus)  varie- 
ties, but  the  seedling  plants  are  more  thrifty  and  vigorous  during  cool 
weather. 

California-grown  Small  White  beans  seek  the  markets  in  all  parts 
of  the  United  States,  but  the  principal  destinations  are  New  York, 
Boston,  and  the  New  England  states.  It  is  used  more  extensively  in 
canning  than  any  other  California  variety,  and  the  army  and  navy 
prefer  it  to  other  kinds,  a  fact  which  accounts  for  its  being  called  the 
Navy  bean. 

THE  BLUE-POD  BEAN  (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Agricultural  History. — In  1902,  Pasqual  Scolari,  a  Swiss  farmer  in  the  Lompoc 
Valley  noticed  that  a  certain  plant  in  his  field  of  Small  White  beans  matured 
somewhat  earlier  in  the  season  than  its  neighbors,  and  yielded  an  unusually  large 
number  of  peculiarly  tinted,  purplish  pods.  He  saved  the  seed  from  this  solitary 
plant  and  grew  it  in  his  garden  the  following  season,  and  found  that  all  of  the 
resulting  plants  resembled  his  original  selection  in  earliness,  pod  color,  and  pro- 
ductiveness. By  1904  he  had  grown  sufficient  seed  to  plant  about  fifteen  acres, 
from  which  he  harvested  nearly  400  sacks  of  beans.  Eealizing  the  superiority  of 
his  seed  to  that  of  the  ordinary  Small  White  and  wishing  to  profit  by  it  exclusively, 
he  requested  the  Southern  Pacific  Milling  Company,  to  whom  he  disposed  of  his 
crop,  not  to  sell  his  seed  locally.  Accordingly  his  crops  for  1904,  1905,  and  1906 
were  shipped  to  Portland,  Maine.  In  1907  Mr.  Scolari  left  the  valley,  and 
Mr.  A.  C.  Whittemore,  agent  for  the  Southern  Pacific  Milling  Company,  sold  the 
Scolari  crop  to  several  of  his  customers  for  seed.  It  was  at  once  favorably 
received  and  has  continued  to  gain  in  public  estimation  until  it  has  all  but  replaced 
the  Small  White  variety  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  and  is  rapidly  extending  its 
range  northward. 

Occasional  plants  bearing  blue  pods  and  identical  with  the  Blue-Pod  variety, 
have  always  been,  and  still  are,  present  in  any  field  of  Small  White  beans,  but  it 
remained  for  Pasqual  Scolari  to  recognize  the  merits  of  the  strain  and  propagate  it. 


300  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Range  in  California. — The  Blue  Pod  is  grown  only  in  the  coast 
districts  of  central  and  southern  California.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  The 
focus  of  production  is  in  the  Lompoc  Valley,  where  it  occupies  fully 
90  per  cent  of  the  total  bean  acreage,  and  gives  way  to  the  Pink  only 
on  the  uplands.  From  Cambria  on  the  coast  of  San  Luis  Obispo 
County,  to  Santa  Barbara,  including  the  Arroyo  Grande,  Santa  Maria, 
Lompoc,  and  Los  Alamos  districts,  there  was  an  aggregate  of  over 
45,000  acres  planted  to  this  variety  in  1917.  This  constituted  about 
75  per  cent  of  the  total  bean  acreage  for  that  territory.  In  the  Mon- 
terey bay  region  there  were  about  1000  acres  tributary  to  Watsonville, 
Santa  Cruz  and  Soquel  in  1917,  and  small  plantings  were  also  made 
southward  in  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  Orange  and  San  Diego  counties. 

Adaptations. — The  Blue  Pod  is  most  like  the  Small  White  in  its 
requirements.  It  prefers  the  cool  humid  coast  climate  and  cannot  be 
successfully  grown  in  the  hot  interior  districts.  It  differs  from  the 
Small  White  in  that  it  blossoms  slightly  earlier  in  the  season,  produces 
a  more  open  vine  which  cures  more  rapidly,  and  matures  somewhat 
earlier  in  the  fall.  Its  early  maturity  has  been  most  marked  in  the 
later  plantings,  which  ripened  fully  two  weeks  earlier  than  the  Small 
White,  when  planted  on  July  2  at  Berkeley.  Early  Maturity  and 
rapid  curing  are  properties  of  vital  importance  in  the  coast  districts 
both  north  and  south  of  San  Francisco. 

Utilization. — At  present  there  is  no  distinction  made  between  the 
Small  White  and  Blue-Pod  varieties,  either  on  the  California  or  East- 
ern markets. 


THE  LADY  WASHINGTON  BEAN   (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Large  White,  Coscorron  Medio    (Chile). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Lady  Washington  is  in  all  probability  a  native  of 
Chile  and  has  been  introduced  from  there  into  the  United  States  upon  several 
occasions.  California-grown  specimens  of  this  variety  have  been  identified  by  the 
Agronomy  section  of  the  Department  of  Industry  and  Public  Works  of  Chile,  as 
identical  with  the  "Coscorron  Medio"  variety  which  is  regarded  as  a  native  of 
that  country.  It  was  first  introduced  into  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it 
became  a  popular  field  variety,  but  is  now  little  known  there.  It  came  to  Califor- 
nia with  the  tide  of  immigration  in  the  fifties  and  appeared  for  the  first  time  in 
the  market  reports  in  1856.  It  did  not  become  established  at  this  time,  however, 
and  only  an  occasional  lot  reached  the  market  until  1891,  when  it  began  to  appear 
regularly. 

It  is  now  a  staple  variety  and  is  generally  known  to  the  trade  as  the  Large 
White. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  301 

Range  in  California. — The  principal  centers  of  production  for  the 
Lady  Washington,  are  Sutter  and  Colusa  counties  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley,  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  counties  tributary  to  the  bay  of 
San  Francisco,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Barbara,  and  San  Diego 
counties  in  southern  California.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  The  most  extensive 
plantings  in  1917  were  made  in  the  Sutter  Basin,  including  the  area 
lying  between  the  Feather  and  Sacramento  rivers,  from  their  junction 
on  the  south  to  Butte  Slough  on  the  north.  There  were  in  all  about 
16,000  acres  of  Lady  Washington  beans  in  this  district  in  1917.  There 
were  also  about  2000  acres  in  the  Mattole  Valley  of  Humboldt  County 
in  1917,  this  being  the  first  large  bean  acreage  ever  grown  on  the 
coast  north  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  also  cultivated  in  all  of  the  bean 
districts  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego;  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa 
Barbara,  and  San  Diego  counties  usually  contributing  about  2000 
acres  each.  There  were  about  1000  acres  in  the  Livingston  district  of 
Merced  County  in  1917,  and  small  plantings  were  reported  from 
Montague  and  Granada  on  the  Shasta  River  in  Siskiyou  County. 

Adaptations. — The  Lady  Washington  is  less  exacting  than  the 
Small  White  or  the  Lima,  and  may  be  grown  under  more  adverse 
climatic  conditions.  It  requires  considerable  humidity,  but  unlike 
the  Small  White  tolerates  moderately  well  the  heat  of  the  interior 
valleys.  It  is  most  productive  on  the  lower  Sacramento  River  and 
in  the  Stockton  delta,  but  has  been  satisfactory  on  the  bottom  lands 
throughout  the  Sacramento  Valley,  and  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  as 
far  south  as  Livingston.  It  does  fairly  well  in  the  interior  upland 
situations  when  irrigated  and  planted  late  (after  June  10)  but  can  not 
compete  with  the  Blackeye  or  Tepary  as  a  dry-land  crop.  It  has 
proved  unsatisfactory  planted  early  without  irrigation  at  Davis, 
Fresno,  and  El  Centro,  and  in  these  hot  climates  is  less  productive 
than  the  Red  Mexican  and  Pink  varieties.  As  a  coast  bean  it  has 
much  to  recommend  it,  for  it  not  only  yields  well  but  ripens  earlier 
than  the  Small  White,  a  quality  especially  desirable  north  of  San 
Francisco.  In  the  coast  districts  from  San  Francisco  to  Lompoc,  it 
is  slightly  less  productive  than  the  Small  White,  but  from  Santa  Bar- 
bara southward  it  stands  the  warmer  climate  somewhat  better  than 
the  Small  White. 

Utilization. — The  Lady  Washington  is  shipped  principally  to  the 
markets  of  the  middle  western,  northern,  and  eastern  states.  St. 
Louis,  Kansas  City,  Omaha,  Chicago,  and  New  York  have  been  the 
largest  users,  although  the  Gulf  and  south  Atlantic  states  have 
taken  it  in  limited  quantities.  It  cannot  be  used  for  canning  purposes 
because  of  its  rapid  disintegration  in  cooking. 


302  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


THE  BLACKEYE  BEAN    (Vigna  sinensis) 

Synonyms. — Blackeye  cowpea,  Blackeye  pea,  Early  Blackeye  cowpea  (Austra- 
lia), White  Cowpea  (Australia),  Blanco  de  Ojo  (Mexico),  Ornbligc-  prieto  (Mex- 
ico). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Blackeye,  like  other  varieties  of  cowpeas,  has  come 
to  us  from  the  Orient,  where  it  is  found  grooving  wild  as  an  escape  from  cultiva- 
tion, and  where  it  has  been  used  since  ancient  times  as  a  human  food.  It  was 
introduced  into  the  eastern  United  States  as  far  back  as  1835,5  and  since  that 
time  has  come  into  general  cultivation  throughout  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States.  It  appeared  in  California  at  a  comparatively  recent  date,  the  earliest 
occurrence  of  the  name  in  our  market  reports  being  in  the  Alta  in  1880,  but  during 
recent  years  it  has  gained  rapidly  in  public  estimation  and  has  come  to  occupy  an 
important  place  in  the  agriculture  of  the  state.  It  is  as  yet  little  known  in  South 
America. 

Range  in  California. — The  Blackeye  is  grown  throughout  the 
interior  agricultural  regions  of  California,  occupying  for  the  most 
part,  lands  which  are  too  hot,  and  too  dry,  for  the  successful  cultiva- 
tion of  other  varieties.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  It  is  sensitive  to  cool 
weather  and  cannot  be  grown  in  the  coast  regions  of  central  and  north- 
ern California;  but  from  Oxnard  to  San  Diego  it  occupies  the  major 
portion  of  the  higher  bean  land,  which  is  too  dry  for  Limas.  From 
Oxnard  north  on  similar  lands  it  is  replaced  by  the  Pink,  for  climatic 
reasons.  The  most  extensive  plantings  in  1917  occurred  in  the  terri- 
tory from  Modesto  to  Livingston,  where  it  is  estimated  that  there  were 
approximately  12,000  acres.  Extensive  plantings  were  also  made  near 
Riverside,  Arlington,  Corona,  Perris,  Hemet,  San  Jacinto,  and  Blythe 
in  Riverside  County;  near  Ventura,  Moorpark,  and  Fillmore,  in  Ven- 
tura County;  near  La  Habra,  Fullerton,  Anaheim,  Orange,  Santa 
Ana,  and  San  Juan  Capistrano  in  Orange  County ;  in  the  San  Fer- 
nando Valley  in  Los  Angeles  County;  near  Salida,  Modesto,  Ceres, 
Keys,  Turlock,  Empire,  Hughson,  and  Denair  in  Stanislaus  County; 
near  Manteca  and  Ripon  in  San  Joaquin  County,  and  near  Colusa 
in  Colusa  County.  Smaller  acreages  were  also  grown  throughout  the 
Sacramento  Valley  and  at  various  places  in  southern  California  as 
well  as  in  the  Santa  Clara,  San  Benito,  Antelope,  and  Imperial  valleys. 

Adaptations. — The  Blackeye  thrives  best  where  continuously  hot 
weather  enables  it  to  carry  on  a  perfect  and  rapid  growth.  The  blos- 
soms are  not  so  sensitive  to  dry  haat  as  those  of  the  common  bean 
varieties,  and  the  hottest,  driest  weather  of  the  interior  is  but  slight 

B  Piper,  C.  V.,  Bulletin  229,  p.  46,  Bureau   Plant  industry,  U.   S.  Dept.  Agr., 
1 1KJ7. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  303 

impediment  to  the  setting  of  pods.  It  lias  repeatedly  demonstrated 
its  tolerance  for  hot  climates  by  averaging  786  pounds  of  seed  per  acre 
at  Davis  in  six  trials  without  irrigation ;  and  has  frequently  yielded 
three  times  this  amount  under  similar  circumstances.  Moreover,  it 
has  given  equally  good  returns  in  upland  situations  throughout  the 
interior  districts  both  in  central  and  southern  California.  In  its 
ability  to  yield  under  droughty  conditions  in  experiments  at  Davis, 
Turlock,  Oakdale,  Swingle,  Paso  Robles,  Fresno,  Riverside,  and  El 
Centro,  it  has  been  equalled  only  by  the  Tepary.  Three  experimental 
plantings  at  Kearney  Park,  Fresno  County,  in  1917,  averaged  1801 
pounds  of  seed  per  acre. 

It  matures  in  from  90  to  110  days  in  hot  climates  (table  8)  and  is 
therefore  especially  useful  as  a  catch  crop  or  as  a  late  summer  crop 
following  grain  hay.  With  irrigation  in  the  interior  districts,  planted 
as  late  as  July  10  it  will  mature  before  the  autumn  rains. 

The  Blackeye  is  the  variety  most  sensitive  to  cool  weather,  and 
reacts  unfavorably  to  the  coastal  climate  of  central  and  northern 
California.  In  such  situations  it  fails  to  mature,  produces  sickly 
dwarfed  plants,  and  drops  its  flowers  and  flower  buds  without  setting 
pods.  A  planting  made  at  Berkeley  May  1,  1917,  was  killed  by  frost 
December  15,  230  days  from  planting  and  during  the  period  had 
failed  to  ripen  a  single  pod.  (Table  8.)  Similar  results  were  obtained 
on  the  coast  at  Santa  Cruz,  Ignacio,  and  Smith  River.  At  Smith 
River  in  Del  Norte  County  a  planting  made  May  25  was  green  and 
had  set  no  pods  when  killed  by  frost  November  5.  On  the  coast  of 
southern  California,  however,  it  does  much  better,  but  even  here  it 
grows  more  satisfactorily  in  the  warmer  situations  at  some  distance 
from  the  sea.  It  yields  well  in  the  Stockton  delta  but  here  also  shows 
a  preference  for  the  warmer  portions  of  the  region.  At  high  elevations 
in  the  mountains  the  climate  is  too  cool  for  it. 

It  is  seldom  attempted  on  the  better  river  bottom  lands,  chiefly 
because  other  more  valuable  varieties  are  equally  prolific  in  such 
situations,  and  because  on  moist  soils  it  matures  late  in  the  season, 
and  produces  excessively  long  runners  which  interfere  seriously  with 
harvesting. 

Utilization. — The  primary  markets  for  California  Blackeye  beans 
have  been  in  the  southern  states,  especially  at  El  Paso  and  Norfolk. 
Kansas  City  and  New  York  have  also  taken  large  shipments  in  the 
past ;  although  those  going  to  New  York  have  been  largely  reshipped 
to  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  South  America.  Those  going  to  the  southern 
markets  come  into  competition  with  the  home-grown  product,  and 
occasionally  with   shipments  from   southern   Europe,   but   California 


304  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Blackeyes  are  reported  as  being  of  superior  quality.  It  is  used  as  a 
human  food  both  in  the  dry  and  green  state  and  supplies  the  demand 
for  a  cheap  bean.  Small  quantities  have  also  been  used  for  the  adulter- 
ation of  coffee.  It  has  been  utilized  to  a  limited  extent  as  a  summer 
orchard  green-manure  crop,  and  as  a  companion  crop  with  corn  to 
provide  forage,  but  for  these  latter  uses,  other  cowpea  varieties,  such 
as  the  Whipporwill,  Miller,  Brabham  and  Brown  Crowder,  which 
make  a  much  heavier  vine  growth,  are  generally  more  satisfactorj^. 

A  curious  error  which  has  grown  current  through  mere  thoughtless 
iteration  is  that  the  Blackeye  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
explosives. 


THE  CBANBEKRY  BEAN    (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Speckled  Cranberry,  Red  Cranberry,  London  Horticultural  Pole, 
Housewives'  Delight,  Scipio  Pole,  Wrens'  Egg,  Moro  (Mexico),  Araucano  (Chile). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Cranberry  is  similar  to  the  Araucano  bean  of 
Chile,  and  all  available  evidence  points  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  first  intro- 
duced from  there  into  the  eastern  United  States.  It  has  been  listed  by  eastern 
seedsmen  since  I8606  and  is  one  of  the  five  most  popular  garden  pole  beans  in 
the  United  States  at  the  present  time.  We  are  indebted  to  California,  however, 
for  our  knowledge  of  it  as  a  field  crop.  Although  grown  here  for  many  years  as 
a  garden  vegetable  it  was  not  until  1907  that  it  reached  our  terminal  markets 
in  quantity,  and  became  one  of  our  staple  dry  bean  varieties.  In  1917  there 
were  about  150,000  sacks  marketed  in  California. 

Comparisons  in  the  field  at  Davis  during  the  past  season  have  proved  it  to  be 
identical  with  the  garden  snap  bean  variously  known  in  the  eastern  states  as 
London  Horticultural  Pole,  Cranberry  Pole,  Housewives '  Delight,  Scipio  Pole  and 
Wrens'  Egg. 

Range  in  California. — The  production  of  the  Cranberry  bean  in 
California  has  been  limited  to  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Sacramento 
River,  from  Sacramento  to  Antioch,  and  has  focused  in  the  Pierson 
reclamation  district  near  Courtland.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  The  largest 
acreages  in  1917  were  on  Ryer,  Grand,  Brannan,  Twitchell,  and  Sher- 
man Islands;  but  small  acreages  were  planted  on  the  Feather  River 
south  of  Yuba  City,  near  Salinas  in  Monterey  County,  in  Lake  County, 
and  on  the.  Klamath  River  in  Siskiyou  County.  It  is  also  grown  for 
the  eastern  seed  trade  in  the  vicinity  of  Arroyo  Grande  in  San  Luis 
Obispo  County. 

Adaptations. — The  Cranberry  is  well  adapted  to  the  rich  bottom 
lands  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River  and  to  the  coast  districts  of 
central  and  southern  California,  but  is  sensitive  to  extreme  heat  and 

«  Tracy,  W.  W.,  Bulletin  109,  p.  119,  Bureau  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Dept,  Agr. 


BEAN   CULTTTRE  IN   CALIFORNIA  305 

has  proved  a  complete  failure  in  interior  upland  situations.  Tests  at 
Davis,  Fresno,  and  El  Centro  confirm  the  opinion  generally  enter- 
tained that  it  cannot  be  grown  in  upland  situations.  It  has  a  small 
delicate  root  system  and  matures  late  in  the  season  (table  8),  which 
are  further  reasons  for  growing  it  on  finely  prepared  soils  well  sup- 
plied with  moisture.  Moreover,  the  seed  coat  is  thick,  preventing  the 
rapid  absorption  of  moisture  which  makes  germination  uncertain  in 
dry  soils. 

Utilization. — California  Cranberry  beans  are  marketed  almost 
entirely  in  the  eastern  states.  The  largest  shipments  have  gone  to 
Chicago,  Cleveland,  Pittsburg,  Boston,  and  New  York,  for  distribution 
to  the  eastern  mining  districts.  In  large  measure  it  owes  it  recent 
popularity  to  the  fact  that  it  has  replaced  a  similar  variety,  formerly 
imported  from  Austria,  especially  for  the  eastern  mining  trade. 


THE  BAYO  BEAN   (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Bayou,  Bayo  grande,  Chile,  Miners'  bean. 

Agricultural  History. — The  word  bayo  is  a  Spanish  descriptive  adjective  and 
refers  to  the  bay  or  chestnut  color  of  the  bean.  Bayou  is  an  English  noun  mean- 
ing a  body  of  stagnant  "water,  and  has  been  incorrectly  applied  as  a  name  to 
this  variety.  The  Bayo  is  a  native  of  Chile  and  was  brought  to  California  in 
the  cargoes  of  the  first  trading  vessels.  It  was  first  quoted  in  this  state  as  a 
market  product  under  the  name  Chile  in  The  Alia  for  July  19,  1850,  and  as  early 
as  1853  was  known  as  the  Chile  Bayo,  probably  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Cali- 
fornia-grown Bayo.  Since  1853  it  has  been  a  staple.  During  the  gold  rush  in 
the  early  fifties,  it  was  imported  from  Chile  in  large  quantities  and  has  retained 
its  popularity  to  the  present  day  in  the  mining  camps  throughout  the  Pacific  Coast 
region,  including  Alaska.  A  small  seeded  strain  known  as  the  Bayo  Chico,  was 
formerly  imported  from  Chile  and  cultivated  in  California.  The  Imported  or 
Manchurian  Bayo  is  a  speckled  bean  coming  from  the  Orient  but  is  not  grown  in 
California. 

Range  in  California. — The  Bayo  is  produced  in  largest  quantities 
on  the  Sacramento  River,  from  Antioch  on  the  south,  to  Marysville  on 
the  north,  but  extends  as  far  northward  as  Redding  in  Shasta  County 
and  westward  in  scattered  plantings  on  the  bottom  lands  'of  the 
Feather,  Yuba,  Bear,  American,  Cosumnes.  and  Mokelumne  rivers 
and  their  tributaries.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  It  has  been  the  favorite 
variety  in  the  mining  districts  of  Nevada,  Placer,  El  Dorado,  and 
Amador  counties,  but  the  total  production  there  has  been  small. 
Sporadic  plantings  are  also  made  on  the  Klamath  River  in  Siskiyou 
County  and  at  other  places  in  northern  California.  Formerly  it  was 
grown  extensively  in  the  Lompoc  Valley,  as  much  as  7000  sacks  having 


306 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


been  produced  there  in  1913,  but  it  has  now  been  superseded  there  by 
other  varieties.  It  is  also  well  known  and  generally  cultivated  in 
parts  of  northern  Sonora,  in  Mexico,  and  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 
Adaptations. — The  Bayo  has  been  cultivated  most  successfully  in 
the  island  districts  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River,  in  the  Stockton 


8 


Fig.  4. —  (1)  A  two-row,  sprocket  drop,  hoe  furrow  opener,  planter.  (2)  A 
four-row,  sprocket  drop,  press  wheel  planter.  (3)  Six  two-row  plate  planters, 
planting  75  acres  in  10  hours.  (4)  Side  hill  planter.  (5)  Drop-side  wagon  for 
hauling  beans.  (6)  Net  for  unloading  wagon.  (7)  A  modern  bean  cutter 
equipped  with  adjustable  knives,  rollers,  and  auxiliary  wheels.  (8)  A  small 
portable  threshing  machine  (Photos  Nos.  1,  2,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  by  Ventura  Imple- 
ment Co.) 


BEAN  CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA 


307 


delta,  and  on  the  coast  of  southern  California,  but  its  late  maturity 
limits  its  usefulness  in  the  central  and  northern  California  Coast 
districts.  It  has  been  tested  on  the  drier  uplands  at  various  places 
in  the  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  and  Imperial  Valleys,  as  well  as  in 
the  interior  of  southern  California,  but  has  always  failed  in  these 


Fig.  5. — A  two-row,  pivot  axle  cultivator.  It  may  be  adjusted  to  different 
width  rows,  and  is  equipped  with  shields  and  deep  working  shovels  for  the  first 
cultivation.     (Photo  by  International  Harvester  Co.) 


308  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

places ;  first,  because  of  the  sensitiveness  of  its  blossoms  to  hot  weather, 
and  second,  because  of  its  ready  susceptibility  to  red  spider  attacks. 

Utilization. — The  principal  markets  for  the  California  Bayo  have 
been  in  the  mining  districts  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  although  large  ship- 
ments are  made  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  to  supply  the 
Mexican  trade.  Recently  markets  have  been  established  in  the  mining 
districts  of  the  east  and  middle  west. 

THE  GABBANZO  BEAN   (Cicer  arietinum) 

Synonyms.— Chick  pea,  Gram,  Coffee  bean,  Idaho  pea,  Egyptian  pea,  Gipsy 
pea,  Madras  gram. 

Agricultural  History. — The  Garbanzo  is  considered  to  be  indigenous  to  western 
Asia,  but  has  been  cultivated  since  ancient  times  in  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Italy, 
and  in  comparatively  recent  times  in  India.  Next  to  the  cereals,  it  forms  the 
largest  part  of  the  food  of  the  peoples  of  India,  northern  Africa,  and  Spain,  and 
is  an  important  field  crop  in  all  South  and  Central  American  countries,  as  well 
as  in  the  southwestern  United  States.  It  is  a  characteristic  food  of  Latin  peoples 
and  has  been  carried  by  them  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  was  introduced  into 
California  by  the  Spanish  missionaries,  whose  records  show  that  8450  pounds  were 
produced  at  the  various  missions  in  1831.  It  has  been  cultivated  to  the  present 
time  and  is  now  a  staple  crop  in  California. 

Range  in  California. — The  largest  acreage  of  Garbanzo  beans  is 
usually  reported  from  reclamation  district  No.  70,  south  of  the  town 
of  Meridian,  lying  in  Sutter  County,  between  the  Sacramento  River 
and  the  Marysville  Buttes.  There  are  usually  about  2000  acres  in  this 
locality.  Smaller  acreages  may  be  expected  near  Marysville  and  from 
Sacramento  to  Antioch,  especially  in  the  "Pocket"  district  near  Free- 
port,  and  on  Brannan,  Ryer,  and  Sherman  islands;  but  the  recent 
expansion  of  the  vegetable  seed  farms  on  the  heavier  soils  in  these 
latter  districts  has  resulted  in  a  considerable  reduction  of  the  Gar- 
banzo acreage.     (Table  3,  fig.  1.) 

Adaptations. — In  its  ability  to  thrive  under  various  climatic  con- 
ditions the  Garbanzo  has  evinced  considerable  adaptability,  but  has 
shown  a  preference  for  coast  conditions.  At  Berkeley  in  1917  it  out- 
yielded  all  other  varieties  except  the  Horse  bean.  (Table  5.)  It  has 
also  yielded  well  in  upland  situations,  in  the  interior  districts  of  both 
northern  and  southern  California,  and  is  little  affected  by  hot  weather 
at  blossoming  time.  Moreover,  the  seed  reared  in  the  drier  districts 
are  larger  and  of  superior  quality  to  those  produced  on  the  coast 
(frontispiece).  It  is  hardy  and  is  reported  to  have  withstood  tem- 
peratures of  13°  F.  without  injury.  It  is  customarily  planted  in 
February  and  March,  but  on  well-drained  land  may  be  planted  during 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  309 

October  or  November.  Plantings  made  after  July  1  at  both  Berkeley 
and  Davis  have  failed  to  mature  in  time  to  harvest.     (Table  8.) 

Practically  the  entire  Garbanzo  crop  of  California  was  a  failure 
in  1917,  apparently  due  to  the  seasonal  conditions.  In  many  cases 
there  was  a  failure  to  obtain  a  stand  and  in  others  the  plants  died  in 
the  seedling1  stage,  showing  a  discoloration  on  the  root.  A  well- 
aerated,  well-drained  soil  is  absolutely  essential  for  the  germination 
of  Garbanzo  seed.  Plantings  made  at  Berkeley  May  17,  1917,  in  a 
wet  soil,  after  irrigation,  failed  to  produce  a  single  plant,  while  the 
same  seed  gave  a  perfect  stand  when  planted  after  the  soil  had  dried 
somewhat.  Plantings  at  Davis  April  13,  1917,  in  a  cold,  wet  soil  gave 
a  poor  stand  and  nearly  all  plants  died  before  setting  pods,  while  the 
same  seed  gave  a  perfect  stand  nearby  when  planted  May  30  and 
again  on  July  5.  The  diseased  plants  from  these  and  from  several 
other  places  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  were  found  to  be  infected  with 
a  root  rot  (Rhizoctonia) ,  the  unusual  destructiveness  of  which  during 
the  past  season  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  cold  late  spring  which  reduced 
the  vigor  and  resistance  of  the  young  plants. 

Utilization. — California  Garbanzos  are  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the 
United  States  wherever  there  is  a  Latin  population.  They  go  prin- 
cipally into  the  southwest  and  to  the  Gulf  states,  whence  many  are 
shipped  into  Mexico,  Cuba,  and  to  South  and  Central  America.  New 
York  takes  a  great  many,  part  of  which  are  consumed  in  the  Italian 
districts,  the  remainder  being  shipped  to  southern  Europe.  The  leaves 
while  green  are  viscid  with  a  secretion  containing  oxalic,  acetic,  and 
malic  acids.  In  India  this  is  collected  by  placing  cloths  over  the 
growing  plants  at  night  and  is  utilized  in  the  preparation  of  vinegar 
and  beverages  of  various  kinds.  This  acid  secretion  has  been  reported 
as  poisonous  to  stock  when  the  plants  are  fed  green. 


THE  BED  MEXICAN   BEAN    (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Mexican  Red,  California  Red,  Red  Spanish,  Red,  Mexican,  Rojo 
(Mexican) ,  Salinas  Red. 

Agricultural  History. — The  Red  Mexican  was  one  of  the  first  bean  varieties 
to  be  cultivated  in  California,  and  came  to  us  from  the  Indian  tribes  of  northern 
Mexico,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Rojo  bean.  It  was  first  quoted  on  the  California 
market  as  the  California  Red  in  1855,  and  later  was  known  simply  as  the  Red 
until  about  1900,  when  the  name  Red  Mexican  was  appropriately  applied  to  it. 
It  is  unknown  in  Chile  where  so  many  of  our  varieties  are  common.  In  California 
its  production  has  never  equalled  that  of  the  Pink,  although  it  is  increasing  in 
popularity  and,  wherever  grown,  its  reputation  as  a  dry-land  crop  has  been  fully 
sustained. 


310  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Range  in  California. — Excepting  southern  California,  the  Red 
Mexican  is  grown  in  the  same  general  territory  as  the  Pink.  (Table  3, 
fig.  1.).  In  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  in  the  Stockton  delta  its 
production  is  comparatively  limited,  but  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley, 
particularly  in  the  northern  portion,  it  now  occupies  a  larger  acreage 
than  the  Pink.  About  40  per  cent  of  the  total  bean  acreage  in  San 
Joaquin  County,  exclusive  of  the  delta  region,  was  in  Red  Mexican 
beans  in  1916,  and  in  the  Turlock  and  Modesto  districts  it  occupied 
approximately  20  per  cent  of  the  total  bean  acreage.  In  the  coast 
sections  of  San  Mateo,  Santa  Cruz,  Monterey  and  San  Luis  Obispo 
counties  the  plantings  are  numerous  but  small,  and  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia it  is  rarely  grown.  The  principal  areas  of  origin  are  tributary 
to  Stockton,  Turlock,  Modesto,  Livingston,  and  Marysville.  Smaller 
acreages  are  reported  from  Humboldt,  Lake,  Shasta,  and  San  Benito 
counties. 

Adaptations. — In  field  requirements,  as  in  appearance,  it  is  most 
like  the  Pink,  it  being  impossible  to  distinguish  between  these  two 
varieties  in  the  field  until  the  seeds  start  to  color.  It  thrives  best  on 
the  rich  river  bottom  lands  or  in  proximity  to  the  coast,  but  is  capable 
of  yielding  moderately  in  situations  too  hot  for  the  more  sensitive 
varieties,  such  as  the  Lima,  Small  White,  Cranberry,  and  Bayo.  It 
cannot  be  recommended  as  a  safe  crop  for  the  difficult  climate  of 
Davis,  Fresno,  or  El  Centro,  but  even  in  these  places  it  surpasses  the 
Pink,  and  with  irrigation  and  late  planting  has  occasionally  yielded 
well.  It  is,  however,  less  dependent  upon  irrigation  than  the  Pink. 
Generally  speaking,  it  is  the  most  satisfactory  of  our  varieties  for  hot 
localities,  excepting  the  Tepary,  the  Blackeye,  and  possibly  the  Hen- 
derson Bush,  and  has  been  responsible  for  a  considerable  extension  of 
what  was  generally  regarded  as  Pink  bean  land.  In  variety  tests  on 
the  coast  of  northern  and  central  California  it  has  been  one  of  the 
highest  yielding  varieties  and  has  in  nearly  every  case  exceeded  the 
Pink  in  yield.  (Table  5.)  In  these  districts  it  has  a  further  advan- 
tage over  the  Pink,  in  that  it  is  less  subject  to  mildew  damage.  It  is 
gaining  in  public  estimation  in  California,  largely  at  the  expense  of 
the  Pink. 

Utilization. — The  Havana  market  takes  the  Red  Mexican  in  prefer- 
ence to  all  other  varieties,  and  many  shipments  are  made  there  directly 
from  California.  Large  shipments  are  also  made  to  the  southwest  and 
to  Mexico,  also  to  South  America  via  the  port  of  New  Orleans.  It 
is  very  little  known  on  the  eastern  markets  and  appeared  there  in 
quantity  for  the  first  time  in  1916. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  311 


THE  RED  KIDNEY  BEAN   (Phascolus  vulgaris) 

Synonym. — Red  Turkey. 

Agricultural  History. — The  Bed  Kidney  has  been  a  standard  field  bean  in  the 
eastern  states  since  1857,  Avhere  it  is  second  in  importance  to  the  Navy  bean.  Its 
total  production  in  1917  constituted  about  6.8  per  cent  of  the  total  bean  crop 
of  the  United  States.  There  are  no  records  to  show  at  what  time  it  was  introduced 
into  California,  but  its  extensive  use  as  a  field  crop  is  of  comparatively  recent 
date,  for  it  does  not  appear  in  our  market  quotations  until  the  early  nineties. 

Range  in  California. — The  Red  Kidney  is  grown  most  extensively 
on  the  Sacramento  River  bottom  lands,  tributary  to  Marysville,  but 
extends  northward  to  Anderson,  in  Shasta  County.  In  the  Sutter 
Basin  south  of  Marysville  it  occupied  approximately  2y2  per  cent 
of  the  total  bean  acreage  in  1917,  or  about  1000  acres.  From  Sacra- 
mento to  Rio  Vista,  and  in  the  Stockton  delta,  there  is  a  small  produc- 
tion, but  it  has  not  been  grown  much  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
excepting  for  a  small  local  production  on  the  lower  Merced  River 
bottoms,  and  near  Denair  in  Stanislaus  County.  Small  scattered 
plantings  have  been  reported  from  Ukiah  in  Mendocino  County, 
Upper  Lake,  Tule  Lake,  and  Big  Valley  in  Lake  County;  Placer 
County,  San  Benito  County,  Half  Moon  Bay,  San  Mateo  County, 
Pajaro  Valley,  Santa  Cruz  County,  Salinas  Valley,  Monterey  County, 
Gilroy,  Santa  Clara  County,  Round  and  Owens  valleys,  Inyo  County, 
and  on  the  coast  of  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara  counties.     (Table  3, 

flg.  i.) 

Adaptations. — The  Red  Kidney  is  adapted  to  the  coast  sections  of 
northern,  central  and  southern  California,  and  to  the  mountain  valleys 
in  eastern  and  northern  California.  With  late  planting  it  thrives  on 
the  bottom  lands  of  the  Sacramento  River,  but  in  the  hotter  and  more- 
arid  climates  of  the  uplands  it  cannot  compete  with  the  Red  Mexican 
or  Pink.  Although  not  a  high-yielding  variety  it  offers  several  advan- 
tages not  possessed  in  the  same  degree  by  any  of  the  other  varieties 
under  discussion.  It  is  the  earliest  maturing  variety  in  the  coast 
sections,  and  only  the  Tepary,  Blackeye  and  Garbanzo  are  earlier  in 
the  interior.  (Table  8.)  Because  of  this  characteristic  it  lends  itself 
to  the  short  seasons  of  northern  and  eastern  California,  and  is  valuable 
on  overflow  lands  which  must  be  planted  late  in  the  summer.  On 
moist  lands,  it  does  not  prolong  its  growth  as  many  varieties  do,  and 
because  of  its  bushlike  habit,  the  pods  are  held  free  of  the  ground  and 
there  is  little  loss  through  staining  and  discoloration  on  such  lands. 
Its  small  erect  plants  permit  of  its  being  planted  in  narrow  rows  and 


312  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

hand  cultivated,  a  fact  which  has  been  recognized  by  our  Oriental 
farmers  in  increasing  yields.  When  mature  it  sheds  its  leaves  before 
the  pods  are  ripe,  resulting  in  a  more  rapid  curing  and  being  of  special 
advantage  during  rainy  seasons  and  in  foggy  districts. 

Utilization. — The  Red  Kidney  is  extensively  grown  in  the  eastern 
bean  districts,  and  the  California  products  find  a  ready  market  there, 
but  is  especially  liked  in  Boston.  It  is  in  demand  in  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  California  crop  reaches  those 
markets  through  the  port  of  New  Orleans.  In  the  past  it  has  been  a 
popular  canning  variety,  but  the  recent  advance  in  price  has  resulted 
in  the  partial  substitution  of  other  colored  beans  for  this  purpose. 


THE  WHITE  TEPAKY  BEAN    (Phaseolus  acutifolius  var.   latifolius) 

Synonyms. — Frijol  trigo  (Chile),  Garbancillo  bolando  (Mexico). 

Agricultural  History. — The  White  Tepary  is  of  Mexican  origin,  the  name 
' '  Tepary ' ;  having  been  given  it  by  the  Tarahumara  Indians  of  Chihuahua. 
Many  forms  resembling  it  have  been  found  growing  wild  in  Arizona  and  Mexico, 
and  have  been  described  by  botanists  as  far  back  as  1849.  Numerous  varieties 
had  also  been  domesticated  by  the  Indians  before  the  advent  of  white  men  and 
are  thought  to  have  been  a  heritage  from  an  ancient  Aztec  civilization.  Forbes 
and  Freeman7  collected  seventy-one  varieties  of  beans  among  the  Indian  tribes 
of  Arizona  and  Mexico  in  1910,  forty-seven  of  which  were  distinct  varieties  of 
teparies.  In  1912  Freeman7  first  called  attention  to  its  possibilities  as  a  drouth- 
resistant  crop  for  the  arid  southwest,  and  the  progress  which  it  has  made  in 
public  estimation  since  that  time  is  remarkable.  Prior  to  1914  it  was  unknown 
on  the  California  market,  although  it  had  been  grown  experimentally  in  the  state 
a  year  or  two  previously. 

Range  in  California. — The  White  Tepary  is  grown  throughout  the 
central  valley  of  California,  from  Anderson  to  Bakersfield,  and  in  the 
arable  portions  of  southern  California.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  It  cannot 
be  grown  successfully  in  the  coast  districts  of  central  or  northern 
California,  nor  at  mountain  elevations.  The  most  extensive  plantings 
in  1917  were  in  the  Turlock  and  Modesto  districts  of  Stanislaus 
County,  and  in  San  Joaquin,  Merced,  Los  Angeles,  Riverside,  Glenn, 
and  Butte  counties.  Smaller  plantings  were  made  in  the  Santa  Clara, 
Upper  Salinas,  San  Benito,  Antelope,  Imperial,  and  Palo  Verde  val- 
leys, also  near  Blythe  on  the  Colorado  River,  near  Ontario  in  San 
Bernardino  County,  and  near  Thermal  in  central  Riverside  County. 

Adaptations. — The  White  Tepary  is  the  most  drouth-resistant 
bean  grown  in  California  and  in  suitable  for  planting  in  dry  hot  dis- 


7  Freeman,  G.  F.,  Bui.  68,  Ariz.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  1912. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


313 


triets,  and  for  dry  soils  and  seasons.  Several  varieties  of  Teparies 
have  been  tested  at  Davis  for  a  number  of  years  and  have  surpassed 
all  other  varieties  including  the  Blackeye  in  yield.  (Table  5.)  In 
fourteen  trials,  the  Yellow  Tepary  without  irrigation  averaged  1203 
pounds  per  acre,  against  540  for  the  White  Tepary  in  three  trials. 
These  are  profitable  yields  but  might  be  greatly  increased  by  irriga- 
tion. Equally  favorable  returns  have  been  obtained  at  Turlock, 
Riverside,  El  Centro,  and  Fresno.  At  the  last  mentioned  place  in 
1917  four  separate  plantings  of  White  Teparies  without  irrigation, 
but  on  subirrigated  land,  yielded  4212,  3516,  3252  and  2305  pounds 
per  acre,  respectively. 

The  Tepary  grows  indifferently  in  the  cool  coast  climate  of  central 
and  northern  California,  also  at  high  elevations ;  but  does  better  than 
the  Blackeye  in  such  situations.  At  Berkeley  in  1917  a  planting  on 
May  1  was  too  green  to  thresh  in  December,  160  days  from  planting, 
while  at  Davis  it  matures  in  from  90  to  110  days,  and  if  moisture  is 
available  may  be  planted  as  late  as  July  20  and  yet  mature.    (Table  8.) 

By  careful  management,  it  is  possible  to  take  two  crops  in  a  season 
from  the  same  land.  The  seed  germinates  quickly  in  soils  of  low 
moisture  content,  but  rots  quickly  in  cold  moist  soils.  The  pods  shatter 
freely  when  ripe  and  special  precautions  should  be  taken  against  this 
at  harvest  time 


Fig.  6. — Pink  beans,  curing  in  the  cock,  preparatory  to  threshing. 


314  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Iii  a  field  of  White  Teparies  individual  plants  show  a  range  of  two 
weeks  in  time  of  ripening,  vary  greatly  in  habit  of  growth,  size  and 
shape  of  seed,  and  other  characteristics.  Several  of  these  forms  are 
now  being  propagated  as  pure  lines  at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis. 

Utilization.— The  Tepary  has  not  been  recognized  as  a  commercial 
product  until  the  last  three  or  four  years,  and  there  has  been  much 
difficulty  in  securing  its  acceptance  on  any  of  the  markets  of  the  east 
or  west.  Consumers  have  objected  to  its  flavor  and  odor  when  cooked. 
One  carload  which  went  to  Washington,  D.  C,  could  not  be  sold,  and 
the  dissatisfied  dealer  attempted  to  resell  it  at  a  loss.  Similar  experi- 
ences have  been  reported  from  other  parts  of  the  country.  It  has 
been  unfavorably  received  in  San  Francisco,  and  cannot  be  sold  even 
to  the  cheaper  restaurant  trade.  Special  methods  of  cooking  designed 
to  eliminate  the  strong  flavor  are  now  being  proposed,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  a  staple  market  may  in  this  way  be  established.  See  California 
Circular,  "Cooking  the  Tepary  Bean,"  September,  1917. 


THE  HOESE  BEAN  (Vicia  faba) 

Synonyms. — Fava,  Portuguese  bean,  Broad  bean,  Windsor  bean,  English  bean, 
Bean  of  History,  Haba  comun  {Spanish). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Horse  Bean  has  been  known  and  used  as  an  article 
of  food  as  long  as  our  records  of  the  pa^t  serve  us.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Scrip- 
turess  (Sam.  XVII,  28,  1023  B.C.,  and  Ezek.  IV,  9,  595  B.C.)  and  we  find  mention 
of  it  throughout  the  literature  of  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Rome.  Further  evidence 
of  the  antiquity  of  its  cultivation  is  shown  by  the  mention  made  of  it  in  the 
twelfth  chapter  of  the  eighteenth  book  of  Pliny,  and  by  the  fact  that  it  was  found 
by  Virchow  in  the  excavations  at  Troy.9  It  was  probably  introduced  into  Spain 
and  England  by  the  Romans  and  came  to  America  with  the  colonists.  It  arrived 
in  Califorian  via  South  America  with  the  Spanish  missionaries,  and  we  have 
records  of  its  cultivation  in  Alameda  County  by  the  Portuguese  in  1887,  and  by 
General  Eli  Murray  in  the  Valley  of  the  Palms,  San  Diego  County,  in  1889,  but 
it  does  not  appear  in  our  market  quotations  until  1894. 

Range  in  California. — The  Horse  Bean  is  cultivated  most  exten- 
sively in  the  San  Francisco  bay  region,  and  in  the  central  California 
coast  district.  (Table  3,  fig.  1.)  The  principal  centers  for  its 
production  are  at  Morro,  Oceano,  Cayucas,  Cambria,  Pescadero,  Wat- 
sonville,  and  Half  Moon  Bay.  It  is  also  grown  sporadically  in  the 
Sacramento  Valle3r,  principally  near  Marysville,  Central  House,  Ger- 
mantown,  West  Sacramento,  reclamation  district  No.  744,  and  in  the 

s  Wilson,  John,  "Our  Farm  Crops,"  vol.  1,  p.  197,  Blackie  &  Son,  1859. 
9  Wittmack,  Sitz.  bericht  Vereins,  Brandenburg,  1879  (De  Candolle). 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  315 

Glide  district  tributary  to  Clarksburg.  Small  plantings  for  home 
use  are  made  throughout  California. 

Adaptations. — There  are  numerous  varieties  of  Horse  Beans,  prob- 
ably over  100  occurring  in  different  parts  of  the  world.  In  England 
there  are  at  least  nine  varieties  in  common  use.  The  different  kinds 
require  different  climatic  conditions,  are  cultivated  under  different 
circumstances,  and  for  different  uses.  In  California  only  one  variety, 
the  Windsor,  is  well  known.  This  is  essentially  a  cool  climate  crop, 
is  robust  and  vigorous,  and  grows  to  perfection  in  the  coastal  sections 
of  central  and  northern  California.  It  is  not  injured,  even  when  in 
blossom,  by  ordinary  freezing  weather,  and  thrives  as  a  winter  or 
early  spring  crop.  It  is  extremely  sensitive  to  hot  weather  and  may 
not  be  grown  as  a  summer  crop  in  the  interior  districts.  It  is  usually 
planted  from  February  to  March,  but  has  yielded  best  when  planted 
from  October  to  January.  Plantings  at  Davis  in  May  and  June  have 
even  failed  to  germinate.  In  the  cooler  coast  districts  it  may  be 
planted  later,  and  frequently  is  planted  from  March  to  May  in  order 
to  reduce  weevil  infestation,  but  if  planted  after  June  1  it  is  subject 
to  rain  damage  at  harvest  time.  Plantings  at  Berkeley  July  2  matured 
late  in  December,  but  others  planted  May  1  ripened  about  Septem- 
ber 30.     (Table  8.) 

It  has  been  successfully  employed  as  a  winter  crop  in  a  double 
cropping  system  with  summer  beans,  occupying  the  land  from  Novem- 
ber to  June,  but  it  has  only  been  possible  to  use  it  in  this  way  on 
well-drained  irrigated  lands. 

Utilization. — From  30  to  40  per  cent  of  the  California  Horse-bean 
crop  is  used  as  a  stock  feed  within  the  state,  the  remainder  is  shipped 
to  New  York  and  other  large  eastern  cities  where  it  is  used  as  an 
esculent  principally  by  the  poorer  class  Italian  and  Jewish  peoples. 
As  a  stock  food  it  is  generally  fed  with  hay,  in  the  finishing  of  cattle. 
A  small  part  of  the  crop  is  ground  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
prepared  poultry  foods,  and  occasionally  the  ripe  seed  is  roasted  and 
eaten  like  peanuts,  or  ground  and  mixed  with  coffee.  The  soft  imma- 
ture seed  is  palatable  and  is  marketed  as  a  winter  vegetable.  The 
entire  plant  may  be  cut  green  and  siloed,  or  cured  and  fed  as  hay. 
The  straw,  however,  is  coarse  and  has  little  feeding  value.  It  has  been 
employed  both  as  a  green  manure  and  as  an  orchard  cover  crop,  but 
because  of  the  large  amount  of  seed  required  (table  9)  is  an  expensive 
crop  for  such  use. 

It  has  fallen  into  comparative  disrepute  in  California  of  late  be- 
cause of  the  stringency  of  the  Federal  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  which 
classes  weevil-infested  Horse  Beans  as  adulterated  food,  and  prohibits 


316 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


their  shipment  in  interstate  commerce  for  use  as  human  food.  The 
numerous  confiscations  in  transit  under  this  regulation  have  occa- 
sioned losses  to  the  shippers,  kept  the  price  down,  and  retarded  the 
expansion  of  the  acreage. 


THE  HENDERSON  BUSH  LIMA  (Phaseolus  lunatus) 

Synonyms. — Sieva,  Civet,  Carolina  Lima,  Small  Seeded  Lima,  Tiny  Lima. 

Agricultural  History. — The  Henderson  Bush  was  the  first  of  the  bush  lima 
varieties,  and  was  developed  from  a  single  plant  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Lynch- 
burg, Virginia,  about  1883.  In  1885  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  T.  W.  Wood 
and  Sons  who  sold  the  entire  stock  in  1887  to  Peter  Henderson  and  Company.10 
Shortly  after  this  it  was  sent  to  California  to  be  grown  for  seed  but  has  now 
come  to  occupy  an  important  place  as  a  field  corp  in  the  state. 

Range  in  California. — The  Henderson  Bush  is  more  tolerant  of 
heat  than  the  Large  Lima  and  is  grown  on  the  higher  lands  at  some 
distance  from  the  coast  in  southern  California.  The  principal  areas 
of  origin  are :  The  San  Fernando  Valley  in  Los  Angeles  County,  where 


Fig.  7. — Near  view  of  a  cock,  showing  a  good  set  of  Pink  bean  pods. 


io  Tracy,  W.  W.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Bui.  109,  p.  43. 


BEAN  CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA  317 

there  were  about  10,000  acres  in  1917,  Carpinteria  Valley,  Perris, 
Beaumont,  Santa  Paula,  Anaheim,  Santa  Ana,  and  Fullerton.  There 
were  also  scattered  plantings  throughout  the  small  coast  valleys  of 
San  Diego  County.     (Table  3,  fig.  1.) 

Adaptations. — The  Henderson  Bush  yields  best  in  the  coast  climate 
of  southern  California,  but  gives  satisfactory  returns  in  the  more 
difficult  interior  climates.  It  is  not  so  tolerant  of  extreme  heat  as  the 
Blackeye  or  Tepary,  but  compares  favorably  with  the  Red  Mexican 
and  Pink,  and  has  produced  fair  crops  in  the  Sacramento  and  Imperial 
valleys,  and  in  the  interior  of  southern  California.  It  is  less  affected 
by  cool  weather  than  the  Large  Lima  and  ripens  much  earlier  than 
the  latter  in  the  coast  districts  of  central  California. 

Utilization. — The  Henderson  Bush  has  been  chiefly  a  canning 
variety  but  has  been  marketed  as  a  dry  bean  in  all  parts  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  also  popular  as  a  garden  vegetable  in  the  eastern 
states  where  it  is  used  as  a  green  shelled  bean. 


THE  FEENCH  WHITE  BEAN   (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Agricultural  History. — The  French  White  bean  was  introduced  into  California 
in  1902  by  Mr.  Peter  Delpy,  of  Vista,  San  Diego  County,  who  obtained  the  seed 
from  Mr.  Clement  Eabante,  Department  of  Ariege,  Canton  of  Lavelanet  in  south- 
ern France.  Samples  have  been  submitted  to  Vilmorin  Andrieux  and  Co.  of  Paris 
and  it  is  thought  by  them  to  be  identical  with  the  French  variety,  "Four  to  Four." 

Range  in  California. — The  production  of  the  French  White  has 
been  confined  thus  far  to  the  coast  of  Orange  and  San  Diego  counties, 
and  has  centered  about  Vista,  Encinitas,  and  Cerento  in  San  Diego 
County,  but  the  total  planting  in  1917  did  not  exceed  1000  acres. 

Adaptations. — The  French  White  has  not  been  tested  sufficiently 
under  different  conditions  to  determine  its  range  of  usefulness.  It 
succeeds  well  in  western  San  Diego  County  and  in  a  small  planting 
at  Berkeley  in  1917  did  moderately  well.  It  resembles  very  closely 
the  Lady  Washington  but  the  vines  are  slightly  larger,  more  vigorous, 
and  upright.  The  leaves  are  smoother  and  slightly  smaller;  it  blos- 
soms somewhat  longer,  ripens  earlier,  and  the  pods  are  more  fleshy 
and  practically  stringless. 

Utilization, — It  has  not  been  grown  long  enough  or  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  have  an  established  market,  but  as  yet  no  trade  distinction 
has  been  made  between  it  and  the  Lady  Washington. 


318 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


THE  SPOTTED  BED  MEXICAN  BEAN   (Phaseolus  vulgaris) 

Synonyms. — Pinto,  Calico,  Frijol  Manchado  (Mexico). 

Agricultural  History. — The  Spotted  Eed  Mexican  or  Pinto,  bean,  not  the  same 
variety  as  the  Colorado  Pinto,  was  first  grown  in  California  by  Mr.  Arthur  Cana- 
van  of  Stockton,  who  obtained  the  seed  from  Mexican  travelers  in  1905.  Several 
years  later  Mr.  J.  M.  Dial  obtained  seed  from  Mr.  Canavan  and  planted  it  on  the 
Stanislaus  Eiver  bottoms,  where  it  has  been  grown  in  a  small  way  to  the  present 
time.  Its  striking  appearance  has  attracted  much  atention  and  experimental 
plantings  have  been  made  by  farmers  throughout  California.  That  it  is  in  some 
way  related  to  the  Eed  Mexican  is  indicated  by  its  tendency  to  revert,  always 
producing  some  typical  Eed  Mexican  seed. 

Adaptations. — The  plants  are  slightly  larger  and  more  vigorous 
than  the  Red  Mexican,  but  in  its  requirements  and  yielding  capacity 
under  different  conditions  it  resembles  the  Red  Mexican  more  nearly 
than  any  other 'variety. 

Utilization. — The  production  has  been  insignificant  compared  to 
other  varieties,  amounting  to  only  50,000  pounds  or  one  carload  in 
1917.  The  chief  difficulty  in  the  way  of  its  production  has  been  its 
low  and  uncertain  market  value. 


Pig.  8. — Bunching  attachment  for  bean  cutter.     Invented  by  D.  McCarthy, 

Turlock,  California. 


P.KAN   CULTURE   IN   CALIFORNIA 


319 


WHERE   TO  PLANT   THE  DIFFERENT   VARIETIES 

Dry,  Warm,  Un irrigated  Districts,  Early  Planting 
Blackeye  Tepary  Garbanzo 

Dry,  Warm,  Irrigated  Districts,  Late  Planting 
Red  Mexican  Pink  Lady  Washington 

Henderson  Bush 

Coast  Districts  North  of  San  Francisco 
Red  Kidney  Red  Mexican  Blue  Pod 

Lady  Washington  Pink  Garbanzo 

Coast  Districts,  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Barbara 
Blue  Pod                          Red  Mexican  Red  Kidney 

Small  White  Pink  Horse  Bean 

Lady  Washington  Garbanzo 

Coast  Districts,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego. 


Lima 

Henderson  Bush 
Lady  Washington 


Pink 
Bayo 
Cranberry 


Pink 

Lady  Washington 


Tepary 

Blackeye 


French  White 

Pink 

Bayo 

Lower  Sacramento  River 

Red  Kidnev 
Lady  Washington 
Garbanzo 

Stockton  Delta 

Bayo 

Red  Mexican 

San  Joaquin  Valley 

Red  Mexican 
Pink 


Red  Mexican 

Blackeye 

Garbanzo 


Red  Mexican 
Horse  Bean 
Blackeye 

Blackeye 


Lady  Washington 


Imperial  Valley 
Tepary  Blackeye  Garbanzo 

Slightly  Alkali  Soils 
Horse  Bean  (fall  planting)         Blackeye  Lima 

Garbanzo  (fall  planting)  Tepary 

Fall,  Winter  or  Early  Spring  Planting 
Horse  Bean  Garbanzo 

Late  Planting  on  Overflow  Lands 
Red  Kidney  Tepary 

High  Mountain  Elevations 
Red  Kidney  Horse  Bean  Lady  Washington 

Bayo  Garbanzo 


320 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


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322 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


ADAPTATIONS    OF    BEANS 

Soil  Requirements. — Any  productive  soil,  properly  handled,  and 
favorably  situated  climatically,  will  produce  beans.  Adobes,  loams, 
sands,  and  peats  have  all  yielded  satisfactory  crops,  but  some  are 
clearly  more  suitable  than  others.  Beans  are  rarely  attempted  on  the 
heaviest  soils,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  and  maintaining  a 
sufficiently  fine  tilth,  and  sandy  soils  when  unirrigated,  are  equally 
objectionable,  because  of  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  an  adequate 
supply  of  moisture  throughout  the  growing  season.  With  some 
varietal  differences,  to  which  allusion  is  made  later,  beans  are  in- 
juriously affected  by  both  alkali  and  acid  soils.  The  principal  physical 
properties  of  an  ideal  bean  soil  are :  a  certain  amount  of  tenacity  and 
firmness  to  give  it  the  requisite  water-holding  capacity ;  a  good  depth 
so  as  to  admit  freely  of  the  downward  passage  of  the  roots,  and  free- 
dom from  any  surplus  of  water  beyond  that  which  such  soils  naturally 
contain.  In  general,  beans  thrive  best  on  what  are  generally  recog- 
nized as  our  best  truck  soils. 


Fig.  9. — Flooring  Lima  beans  in  southern   California. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  323 

Climatic  Requirements. — With  some  notable  exceptions  previously 
mentioned,  atmospheric  heat  and  aridity  are  limiting  factors  in  the 
production  of  beans,  changes  in  climate  often  separating  profitable 
from  unprofitable  bean  land  abruptly  and  independently  of  the  nature 
of  soil.  The  bean  districts  of  the  Sacramento  River,  the  Salinas  Val- 
ley, and  the  coast  of  central  and  southern  California  all  afford 
excellent  examples  of  such  abrupt  .changes.  At  Sacramento,  repre- 
sentative of  the  Sacramento  River  district,  the  mean  relative  humidi- 
ties11 at  5  a.m.  for  May,  June,  July  and  August  are  respectively  82,  78, 
76,  and  77;  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  representative  of  the  central  coast 
district,  they  are  correspondingly  82,  84,  87,  and  88;  and  at  San 
Diego,  representative  of  the  southern  coast  district,  they  are  corre- 
spondingly 82,  84,  87,  and  85 ;  while  at  Fresno,  Red  Bluff,  and  Yuma, 
Arizona,  representative  of  districts  where  common  beans  cannot  be 
grown  easily,  the  corresponding  humidities  are  74,  59,  50,  and  54; 
79,  59,  49,  and  49 ;  55,  55,  61,  and  65.  Temperature  is  also  a  factor 
in  the  determination  of  distribution  and  variety  adaptation. 


ALKALI   TOLERANCE  OF  BEANS 

Most  beans  are  more  sensitive  to  alkali  than  wheat  or  barley,  and 
should  not  be  attempted  when  these  crops  have  failed.  Upon  this 
point  there  is  a  general  coincidence  of  opinion,  referable  in  part  to 
many  futile  and  costly  attempts  to  grow  them  on  such  lands,  and  in 
part  to  more  carefully  controlled  laboratory  and  field  experiments. 
In  every  important  bean  district  of  California,  however,  soils  are  to 
be  found  in  which  only  low  concentrations  of  alkali  are  present,  and 
on  which  beans  may  be  grown  with  varying  degrees  of  success.  On 
such  lands  the  question  of  which  variety  will  succeed  best  is  extremely 
important,  and  may,  in  itself,  outbalance  all  other  considerations  in 
the  choice  of  a  variety.  Although  no  experiments  of  a  decisive  nature 
have  as  yet  been  performed  to  determine  accurately  this  relationship, 
a  recent  preliminary  greenhouse  experiment  at  Berkeley  points  to  the 
conclusion  that  there  is  a  decided  difference  in  the  abilitv  of  our 
common  bean  varieties  to  grow  on  alkali  soils,  and  that  under  the  con- 
ditions of  this  experiment  at  least,  it  is  possible  to  separate  them  into 
three  fairly  well-defined  groups,  based  upon  their  alkali  tolerance  as 
follows : 


upata  from  Bulletin  L  of  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Weather  Bureau. 


324 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Group  1. — Most  tolerant : 

Blackeye  Horse  Bean 

Group  2. — Moderately  tolerant : 
Lima 

Group  3. — Least  tolerant : 

Cranberry  Red  Kidney 

Blue  Pod  Lady  Washington 

Small  White  Pink 


Garbanzo 


Tepary 


Red  Mexican 
Bayo 


It  is  a  significant  fact  that  all  of  the  varieties  in  groups  1  and  2 
represent  different  botanical  species  than  those  in  group  3. 

The  varieties  in  group  1  not  only  grew  in  concentrations  of  alkali 
where  other  varieties  failed  to  grow,  but  survived  for  longer  periods, 
and  were  more  thrifty  in  the  lower  concentrations.  The  varieties 
in  group  2  lived  longer  in  alkali  solutions  and  were  less  affected 
by  them  than  those  in  group  3. 


PREPARATION    OF  THE    SOIL 

Unirrigated  Lands. — Lands  which  receive  neither  sub  nor  surface 
irrigation  are  dependent  upon  the  storage  of  winter  rainfall  for  the 
growth  of  the  crop  during  the  summer,  and  the  system  of  manage- 
ment applicable  to  such  lands  is  based  upon  the  principles  of  dry 
farming. 


% 


<4 

5 


«* 


Fig.  10. — Machine  threshing  Lima  beans. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


325 


Fall  Flowing. — The  first  objects  of  such  a  system  are  to  secure  the 
greatest  penetration  of  the  winter  rainfall  and  to  reduce  to  a  minimum 
the  losses  through  evaporation  and  surface  run  off.  This  is  best 
accomplished  by  plowing  the  land  as  deeply  as  possible,  twelve  to 
fourteen  inches,  immediately  after  harvest  in  the  fall  (fig.  3).  Heavy 
soils  treated  in  this  manner  will  turn  up  in  large  lumps  but  under 
careful  management  may  be  reduced  to  a  good  tilth  during  the  winter. 
Deep  fall  plowing,  especially  on  soils  which  have  not  previously  been 
worked  deep,  or  in  soils  underlain  by  consolidated  subsoils,,  may 
advantageously  be  supplemented  by  sub-soiling  to  a  depth  of  sixteen 
to  eighteen  inches.  This  is  especially  recommended  as  a  measure  to 
increase  moisture  penetration  in  the  more  arid  districts. 

Winter  Working. — During  the  winter  the  land  should  be  worked 
in  such  manner  that  by  spring  it  will  be  fine  and  well  settled  to  the 
bottom  of  the  furrow,  yet  protected  by  a  shallow  surface  mulch.  To 
this  end  it  is  desirable  that  at  no  time  during  the  winter  should  the 
surface  of  the  ground  become  hard  and  crusted.  To  effectively  accom- 
plish these  results  considerable  winter  working  is  required,  the  exact 
procedure  varying  somewhat  to  suit  individual  soil  peculiarities.  Soil 
which  has  turned  up  rough  should  be  pulverized  and  firmed  when 
sufficiently  moist  to  crumble.  Heavy  soils  are  best  reduced  with  a 
spike-tooth  roller  or  cross-kill  (fig.  3),  while  light  soils  respond  as 
well  to  a  corrugated  roller  or  disk.  When  this  preliminary  work  has 
been  done,  the  time  of  performing  subsequent  winter  work  will  depend 


£ig.   11. — Combined  beau  harvester,   designed   to   eliminate   cocking   and   haulinj 


326  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

upon  the  occurrence  of  rain.  Each  heavy  rain  that  is  followed  by 
drying  weather  will  result  in  the  formation  of  a  crust.  This  should 
be  broken  frequent!}'  and  always  before  it  has  become  too  hard  and  too 
thick  to  disintegrate  easily  and  finely.  These  workings  should  not 
exceed  four  inches  in  depth  and  are  most  effectively  done  with  an 
implement  whose  working  depth  may  be  adjusted,  such  as  the  chisel 
or  spring  tooth  harrow  (fig.  3).  Knife  cultivators,  or  weed  cutters 
should  not  be  used  for  this  purpose,  especially  if  the  soil  is  heavy  and 
moist,  because  by  their  shearing  action  they  form  a  hard  tempered 
strata  which  interferes  with  the  preparation  of  a  good  seed  bed. 

Spring  Working. — From  the  close  of  the  rainy  season  until  plant- 
ing time  there  are  but  two  objects  to  attain,  first  to  hold  as  near  the 
surface  as  possible  without  loss,  the  moisture  which  has  been  stored 
by  the  foregoing  practices,  and  second  the  destruction  of  weeds  of 
every  description.  Two  implements  are  indispensable  for  this  work, 
these  are  the  cyclone  (Ventura  weed  cutter)  and  the  corrugated  roller 
(fig.  3).  One  or  both  of  these  implements  should  be  used  at  about 
ten-day  intervals  up  to  planting  time.  The  cyclone  to  destroy  weeds 
and  maintain  a  fine  shallow  mulch  and  the  corrugated  roller  to  firm 
the  soil  and  hold  the  moisture  near  the  surface. 

Spring  plowing  is  unnecessary  on  land  handled  in  this  way,  but 
where  the  winter  and  early  spring  work  is  neglected,  it  must  be 
resorted  to  in  order  to  turn  under  weeds  and  prepare  a  seed  bed. 
Spring  plowing  on  dry  farmed  land  should  not  exceed  six  inches  in 
depth,  and  should  be  followed  without  delay  by  disking,  cross-disking, 
harrowing  and  rolling,  in  order  to  prevent  excessive  moisture  loss. 

Sub-irrigated  Lands. — Sub-irrigated  lands  are  not  dependent  upon 
rainfall  for  their  moisture  supply,  and  much  of  the  winter  and  spring 
working  necessary  on  dry  lands  may  be  dispensed  with.  Deep  fall 
plowing,  however,  is  desirable  and  this  should  be  supplemented  by 
enough  winter  and  early  spring  working  to  keep  down  weed  growth 
and  make  spring  plowing  unnecessary. 

PLANTING 

Time  of  Planting. — Horse  Beans  and  Garbanzos  may  be  planted 
at  any  time  during  the  fall,  winter,  or  spring,  but  in  the  interior 
districts  succeed  best  when  planted  in  the  fall  or  early  spring.  The 
other  varieties  may  not  be  planted  until  the  soil  has  become  perma- 
nently warm  and  all  danger  of  frost  is  over.  Excepting  the  Blackeye 
and  Tepary,  plantings  after  June  1  have  outyielded  earlier  plantings 
in  all  of  the  hot  interior  districts.  At  Davis  in  1917  the  following 
comparisons  of  ear]y  and  late  plantings  were  made: 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  327 

Table  6. — Early  vs.  Late  Planting  at  Davis,  California* 

Planted  May  1,  Planted  July  2, 

average  yield  average  yield 

Variety  per  acre  per  acre 

Lady    Washington    197  pounds  486  pounds 

Pink    374        "  682        " 

Eed   Kidney   74     ,  "  438        " 

Eed    Mexican    188        "  1114        " 

*  Experiment    in    cooperation    with    S.    H.    Beckett,    Division    of    Experimental    Irrigation, 
University  of   California. 

Late  planting  is  dependent  upon  sub-  or  surface  irrigation  to 
supply  moisture  for  germination  and  growth.  In  the  experiment  just 
quoted  the  land  was  irrigated  before  planting,  and  the  figures  repre- 
sent average  yields  from  several  plots  of  each  variety,  each  plot 
receiving  water  at  different  rates,  but  all  varieties  being  treated 
similarly. 

Blackeye  and  Tepary  beans  are  not  injured  by  hot  weather  and 
yield  as  well  when  planted  in  April  or  May  as  when  planted  later. 
Consequently  they  are  especially  adapted  to  unirrigated  lands  where 
it  would  be  difficult  to  maintain  moisture  for  late  planting.  In  the 
Imperial  Valle3x  beans  have  yielded  best  when  planted  either  March  15 
or  August  15. 

In  the  coast  districts  of  northern,  central,  and  southern  California, 
it  is  customary  to  plant  beans  as  early  in  the  spring  as  the  season 
and  soil  will  permit.  Here  there  is  no  hot  weather  to  avoid  by  late 
planting,  and  early  planting  obviates  the  necessity  of  irrigation. 
Relative  yields  for  early  and  late  planting  at  Berkeley,  in  1917,  are 
shown  in  the  following  table. 

Table  7. — Early  vs.  Late  Planting  at  Berkeley,  California 

Planted  May  1,  Planted  June  15, 

average  yield  average  yield 

Variety  per  acre  per  acre 

Lady   Washington    1680  pounds  582  pounds 

Pink    1512        "  509        " 

Bed   Kidney   1153        "  545        " 

Eed   Mexican    1601        "  582        " 

On  overflow  lands,  and  in  localities  subject  to  spring  frosts,  late 
planting  becomes  a  necessity,  and  in  extreme  cases  may  prevent  the 
growing  of  beans  altogether.  In  a  variety  test  at  Davis  planted 
July  5,  1917,  the  Tepary,  Blackeye,  Eed  Mexican,  Pink,  Lady  Wash- 
ington, and  Red  Kidney  varieties,  all  matured  prior  to  November  1 ; 
while  the  Bayo,  Lima,  Cranberry,  Small  White,  Blue  Pod,  and  Gar- 
banzo  varieties  all  failed  to  mature.  The  same  varieties  were  planted 
at  Berkeley  July  2,  1917,  but  only  the  Red  Kidney,  Red  Mexican, 
Pink,  Lady  Washington,  and  Blue  Pod  varieties  matured  prior  to 
November  1.     (Table  8.) 


328 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


In  energal,  most  varieties  may  be  planted  as  late  as  June  15  on 
the  coast,  or  as  late  as  July  1  in  the  interior,  but  the  Blackeye  and 
Tepary  may  safely  be  planted  as  late  as  July  10  in  the  interior. 

Table  8. — Effect  of  Planting  Date  on  Blossoming  Period  and  Life  Period  of  Beans 

at  Davis  and  Berkeley 


Variety 

Lima  

Lima  

Lima  

Pink   

Pink    

Pink    

Small  white  

Small  White 

Small  White 

Lady  Washington.... 
Lady  Washington.... 
Lady    Washington.... 

Blackeye    

Blackeye    

Blackeye    

Cranberry    

Cranberry    

Cranberry    

Bayo  

Bayo  

Bayo  

Garbanzo   

Garbanzo   

Garbanzo   

Red   Mexican 

Red    Mexican 

Red    Mexican 

Red   Kidney 

Red   Kidney 

Red   Kidney 

Tepary   

Tepary    

Tepary   

Horse  bean   

Horse  bean  

Horse  bean   

*  Killed  by  frost  in   December 

t  Did  not  ripen. 

t  Failed  to  germinate. 


Di 

avis,    California,    1917 

A 

Berkeley,   California,    1917 

A. 

f 

Date 

planted 

No.  of 
days  to 

first 
blossom 

Duration 

of 
blossom- 
ing 
period 

Duration 
of  life 
period 

Date 
planted 

No.  of 
days  to 

first 
blossom 

Duration 

of 
blossom- 
ing 
period 

Dura- 
tion 
of  life 
period 

4/13 

62 

1384- 

200  + 

5/  1 

73 

152 

* 

5/30 

51 

* 

* 

5/17 

85 

128 

* 

7/  5 

50 

* 

* 

7/  2 

131 

35 

* 

4/13 

120 

21 

165 

5/  1 

61 

31 

127 

5/30 

83 

27 

134 

5/17 

56 

53 

118 

7/  5 

54 

34 

107 

7/  2 

48 

22 

110 

4/13 

88 

67 

176 

5/  1 

64 

48 

138 

5/30 

73 

57 

138 

5/17 

58 

53 

141 

7/  5 

62 

55 

137 

7/  2 

54 

61 

163 

4/13 

54 

94 

167 

5/  1 

57 

54 

132 

5/30 

53 

76 

133 

5/17 

51 

56 

118 

7/  5 

60 

45 

112 

7/  2 

53 

59 

128 

4/13 

82 

35 

139 

5/  1 

110 

* 

* 

5/30 

58 

20 

92 

5/17 

100 

* 

* 

7/  5 

56 

38 

102 

7/  2 

95 

* 

* 

4/13 

124 

29 

181 

5/  1 

74 

25 

147 

5/30 

81 

47 

138 

5/17 

64 

38 

130 

7/  5 

67 

40 

138 

7/  2 

57 

18 

128 

4/13 

94 

56 

175 

5/  1 

68 

48 

142 

5/30 

82 

36 

133 

5/17 

61 

25 

125 

7/  5 

59 

48 

112 

7/  2 

54 

24 

142 

4/13 

50 

58 

114 

5/   1 

57 

80 

152 

5/30 

51 

62 

138 

5/17 





7/  5 

112 



t 

7/  2 

70 

71 

f 

4/13 

120 

21 

165 

5/  1 

60 

32 

127 

5/30 

88 

27 

136 

5/17 

58 

51 

118 

7/  5 

59 

29 

107 

7/  2 

48 

22 

110 

4/13 

54 

34 

155 

5/  1 

50 

24 

127 

5/30 

65 

35 

118 

5/17 

49 

27 

116 

7/  5 

50 

59 

117 

7/  2 

51 

19 

109 

4/13 

91 

44 

148 

5/  1 

80 

57 

157 

5/30 

51 

35 

96 

5/17 

78 

35 

135 

7/  5 

42 

35 

92 

7/  2 

77 

74 

* 

4/13 

X 

t 

X 

5/  1 

43 

52 

152 

5/30 

X 

+ 
+ 

X 

5/17 

36 

56 

138 

7/  5 

X 

X 

t 

7/  2 

44 

82 

t 

BEAN  CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA  329 

Methods  of  Planting. — The  essentials  of  a  good  planter  are: 
that  it  should  drop  accurately  the  variety  or  varieties  to  be  planted, 
it  should  be  provided  with  furrow  openers  that  will  deposit  and  cover 
the  seed  at  the  desired  depth  in  the  soil  or  soils  to  be  planted,  and 
it  should  be  equipped  with  a  dropping  mechanism  which  neither 
crushes  nor  breaks  the  seed  coat.  Large  beans,  like  the  Lima  or  Horse 
Bean,  are  best  handled  by  sprocket  or  cup  droppers,  while  the  smaller 
beans  may  be  handled  by  plate  droppers.  In  any  case  the  machine 
should  always  be  tested  by  running  it  in  gear  for  a  few  rods  over  a 
hard  piece  of  ground  before  sending  it  into  the  field.  Runner,  disk, 
and  hoe  furrow  openers  are  available ;  the  runner  is  most  popular  in 
the  northern  districts,  the  hoe  in  the  southern,  and  the  disk  gives  most 
satisfaction  on  the  newly  reclaimed  tule  lands  or  on  grain  stubble. 
Disk  planters  have  the  greatest  penetration  and  run  more  smoothly 
than  the  others  on  trashy  soils,  but  it  is  more  difficult  to  make  straight 
rows  with  them  and  they  depreciate  more  rapidly  than  other  planters. 

Lister  planters  which  place  the  seed  in  the  bottoms  of  shallow 
trenches  should  be  used  on  soils  deficient  in  surface  moisture.  Home- 
made listers  may  easily  be  attached  to  ordinary  planters.  When 
planting  in  dry  soils  it  is  always  helpful  to  roll  the  land  thoroughly, 
immediately  after  planting,  using  preferably  a  corrugated  roller. 

Grain  drills,  although  less  satisfactory,  may  be  used  for  bean 
planting.  An  eleven-row,  seven-inch  drill,  with  all  tubes  excepting 
the  second,  sixth  and  tenth  stopped,  will  plant  beans  in  28-inch  rows, 
but  is  very  difficult  to  regulate.  Side-hill  planters  (fig.  4)  constructed 
with  wide  wheel  bases,  and  special  non-skidding  wheels,  are  now  being 
made  and  successfully  used  in  southern  California. 

Depth  of  Planting. — Correct  planting  depth  is  initially  a  question 
of  soil  moisture  distribution.  The  planter  should  be  set  to  place  the 
seed  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  deep  in  the  moist  soil  below 
the  surface  mulch ;  but  in  accomplishing  this  it  is  undesirable  that  the 
total  depth  including  the  mulch  be  more  than  2%  inches  in  heavy  soils, 
more  than  4  inches  in  light  soils,  nor  more  than  6  inches  in  peat  soils. 
If  the  character  of  the  soil  changes  in  different  parts  of  the  same  field 
it  may  be  necessary  to  adjust  the  planter  accordingly.  Blackeyes, 
Teparies,  and  Garbanzos  require  the  least  moisture  for  germination; 
the  Horse  Bean  and  Cranberry  most. 

Rate  of  Planting. — The  number  of  pounds  of  seed  required  to 
plant  an  acre  is  exactly  determined  by  the  number  of  seed  in  a  pound, 
and  the  spacing  employed.  The  following  calculations  are  based  on 
average  lots  of  seed  of  eleven  varieties,  planted  at  sixteen  different 
rates,  and  check  closely  with  amounts  used  in  the  field. 


330 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


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BEAN  CULTURE  IN  CALIFORNIA  331 

The  most  desirable  spacing-  iu  any  instance  is  such  that  the  plants 
when  mature  will  just  meet  comfortably  in  all  directions  without 
interlocking  and  crowding,  and  is  determined  by  the  variety  and  the 
conditions  under  which  it  is  grown.  Commonly  beans  are  dropped 
about  6  inches  apart  in  rows  28  inches  apart,  but  large  vigorous 
varieties,  such  as  the  Lima,  Cranberry,  Blackeye,  Horse  Bean,  and 
Garbanzo,  require  more  space  and  should  be  planted  in  rows  32  to 
36  inches  apart,  and  the  seed  spaced  8  to  12  inches  apart  in  the  row. 
The  Garbanzo  may  even  require  12  to  18  inches  in  the  row  on  good 
soils  in  the  coast  districts.  The  Tepary,  Bayo,  Red  Mexican,  Pink, 
Lady  Washington,  and  Small  White  should  be  planted  6  to  10  inches 
apart  in  rows  26  to  30  inches  apart ;  while  the  Red  Kidney  and  Hen- 
derson Bush  should  be  planted  4  to  6  inches  apart  in  rows  24  to  28 
inches  apart.  These  spacings  may  be  increased  on  rich  moist  soils  and 
decreased  in  drier  soils;  moreover,  late  plantings  require  less  space 
than  early  ones. 

Filling  Blanks  and  Thinning. — About  two  weeks  after  planting  all 
blank  spaces  should  be  replanted,  using  either  a  hand  planter,  hoe, 
or  dibble.  At  the  same  time  the  plants  may  be  thinned  where  they 
are  coming  up  too  thick]  y. 

Choice  of  Seed. — Precision  in  planting  may  be  attained  only  by 
the  use  of  well-cleaned,  well-graded  seed  of  uniform  size.  If  there  is 
any  doubt  concerning  the  viability  of  the  seed  a  germination  test 
should  be  made,  and  the  rate  of  planting  increased  sufficiently  to 
compensate  for  any  deficiencies. 

CULTIVATION 

From  the  time  the  plants  appear  above  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
until  the  vines  meet  and  interfere  with  the  passage  of  implements,  the 
field  should  be  cultivated  and  hand-hoed  as  often  as  is  necessary  to 
control  weeds  and  conserve  moisture.  The  first  working  should  be 
deep  and  close,  using  a  shovel  type  cultivator  equipped  with  shields 
(fig.  5).  This  will  encourage  deep  rooting  and  leave  the  heavier 
soils  in  better  tilth  than  if  knives  were  used.  Where  possible,  how- 
ever, knives  or  sweeps  (fig.  3)  should  be  substituted  for  shovels  for  the 
later  cultivations,  because  they  are  more  effective  in  the  destruction 
of  weeds,  yet  by  virtue  of  their  shallower  draft  destroy  fewer  bean 
roots. 

When  the  plants  are  from  three  to  six  inches  in  height,  the  field 
should  be  carefully  hand-hoed  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  weeds  in 
the  rows  inaccessible  to  the  horse-drawn  cultivators.     This  should  be 


332  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

repeated  if  necessary,  but  the  total  amount  required  may  be  reduced 
to  a  minimum  by  planting  perfectly  straight  rows  which  will  admit 
of  close  horse-hoeing. 

IRRIGATION 

Time  of  Irrigation. — Early  planted  beans  are  rarely  irrigated,  but 
plantings  after  June  1,  excepting  on  naturally  moist  soils,  are  de- 
pendent upon  irrigation  prior  to  planting  to  suppty  moisture  for  the 
germination  of  the  seed.  This  may  be  accomplished  by  the  use  of 
furrows,  basins,  or  free  flooding,  the  choice  of  method  depending  upon 
the  topography  of  the  land  and  the  texture  of  the  soil. 

Subsequent  to  planting  water  should  be  applied  frequently  enough 
to  keep  the  soil  moist  and  the  plants  in  a  thrifty  vigorous  condition, 
rather  than  at  any  particular  stage  of  plant  development.  One  3-inch 
irrigation  before,  and  two  after  planting  have  had  this  effect  on  a 
soil  of  medium  texture  at  the  University  Farm,  Davis,  California. 

Method  of  Irrigation. — Because  water  in  contact  with  beans  during 
hot  weather  is  fatal  to  most  varieties,  flooding  in  basins,  as  practiced 
in  sugar-beet  culture  cannot  be  employed,  and  the  land  must  be  level 
enough  to  control  the  water  in  furrows.  To  irrigate  to  the  best  advan- 
tage broad  shallow  trenches  should  be  prepared  between  the  rows  and 
small  streams  of  water  run  through  them  until  the  soil  has  been  well 
moistened  about  the  roots  of  the  plants.  On  soils  of  medium  texture, 
one  or  two  applications  of  three  acre-inches  each  during  the  growth 
of  the  crop  should  give  this  result. 

Each  irrigation,  excepting  perhaps  the  last  one,  should  be  followed 
by  a  thorough  cultivation,  and  if  necessary  a  hand-hoeing,  to  prevent 
the  crusting  and  baking  of  the  soil  about  the  roots. 

HARVESTING 

Time  of  Harvesting. — Bean  pods  ripen  progressively  upward  from 
the  base  of  the  plant,  the  entire  ripening  period  usually  extending 
over  several  weeks.  This  gives  considerable  latitude  in  the  time  of 
harvesting  operations,  but  in  most  instances  the  primary  object  is  to 
complete  the  work  before  the  occurrence  of  fall  rains.  For  most  varie- 
ties it  is  inadvisable  to  wait  for  all  of  the  pods  to  ripen,  since  this 
would  usually  result  in  the  shattering  of  the  oldest  ones  and  extend 
harvest  too  late  into  the  season.  Generally,  cutting  should  start  when 
the  majority  of  the  pods  have  turned  color,  yet  before  the  oldest 
ones  have  commenced  to  split.     Easily  shattered  varieties  must  be 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  333 

cut  greener  than  those  which  are  more  retentive  of  their  seed.  Black- 
eyes  and  Teparies  shatter  most,  and  should  be  harvested  when  from 
80  to  90  per  cent  of  the  pods  have  turned  color;  even  then  the  oldest 
pods  will  have  split  somewhat.  The  Red  Kidne}^  and  Bayo  drop 
their  seed  freely  if  allowed  to  remain  standing  until  the  pods  are 
fully  dry,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  cut  them  until  nearly  all  of  the 
pods  have  turned  color.  The  Horse  Bean,  Red  Mexican,  Pink,  Lima, 
Lady  Washington,  and  Small  White  varieties  are  more  retentive  of 
their  seed  and  do  not  require  as  careful  attention  as  the  above  named 
varieties ;  while  the  Garbanzo  and  Cranberrv  shatter  least  of  all  and 
may  be  permitted  to  ripen  almost  completely  in  the  field. 

In  the  interior  districts  where  shattering  losses  are  greatest,  the 
vines  should  be  cut  in  a  somewhat  greener  condition,  and  the  work 
performed  during  the  early  morning  hours,  or  at  night. 

Methods  of  Harvesting. — Small  plantings  of  an  acre  or  two  in 
extent  may  be  cut  or  pulled  by  hand,  but  larger  acreages  are  most 
economically  harvested  with  some  form  of  bean  cutter.  The  essential 
feature  of  a  good  bean  cutter  (fig.  4)  is  a  pair  of  sharp  knives,  about 
3%  feet  in  length,  mounted  on  a  sled  from  which  they  should  stand 
inward  and  slope  backward  at  a  60-degree  angle.  The  sled  straddles 
two  rows,  and  the  knives  are  set  to  run  about  two  inches  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  soil,  cutting  the  roots  where  they  are  soft,  and  leaving 
two  rows  of  beans  in  one  windrow.  To  do  efficient  work  and  reduce 
hand-lifting  after  cutting,  the  knives  should  be  sharpened  frequently 
when  in  use.  Rolling  cutters  and  spreaders  attached  to  the  sleds 
designed  to  facilitate  the  passage  of  the  implement  through  tanlged 
matted  vines  have  recently  come  into  use  and  have  beerf  reported 
upon  favorably. 

Horse  beans  are  too  tall  and  woody  to  be  handled  with  ordinary 
cutters,  but  may  conveniently  be  cut  with  either  a  self -raked  reaper, 
or  with  a  mowing  machine.  When  the  latter  implement  is  employed 
it  should  be  equipped  with  a  windrower  in  order  to  obviate  the  hand 
work  of  forking  the  beans  out  of  the  path  of  the  team  on  the  succeed- 
ing round.  This  method  also  has  much  to  recommend  it  for  the 
harvesting  of  Blackeye  beans  in  districts  where  difficulty  has  been 
experienced  in  cutting  tangled  masses  of  vines  by  ordinary  methods 
without  incurring  heavy  shattering  losses. 

Curing. — When  cut  slightly  green,  the  vines  should  be  left  in  the 
windrows  until  dry  enough  to  cock  safely,  but  if  very  green  it  may  be 
necessary  to  turn  the  windrows  once  or  twice  before  cocking  to  hasten 
curing  and  prevent  heating.     The  side-delivery  rake  may  be  used  for 


334  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

turning  but  is  objectionable  in  heavy  soils  because  it  mixes  small 
clods  with  the  beans  which  are  not  separated  in  threshing.  In  the 
interior  districts  beans  cure  more  rapidly  and  may  be  cocked  as  cut, 
light  crops  having  been  handled  with  self -bunching  cutters  (fig.  8),  or 
hay  rakes.  It  is  customary,  however,  to  make  the  cocks  by  hand, 
placing  three  windrows  into  one  row  of  cocks.  Larger  cocks  may  be 
made  with  such  varieties  as  the  Red  Kidney,  Henderson  Bush,  Lady 
Washington,  and  Horse  Bean,  because  they  shed  their  leaves  before 
ripe,  and  cure  more  rapidly;  but  the  more  leafy  varieties,  especially 
in  the  humid  districts,  should  be  placed  in  smaller  cocks.  Moreover, 
small  cocks  hasten  the  curing  process  and  should  be  employed  in  all 
the  late  districts  where  time  is  the  important  element  in  harvesting. 
An  average  sized  cock  is  from  four  to  five  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base 
and  two  feet  in  height,  but  in  windy  situations  broader  lower  ones  are 
more  desirable. 

Beans  cannot  be  machine-threshed  until  the  stems  have  become 
dry  and  brittle,  the  pods  dry,  and  the  seed  hard.  This  will  usually 
occur  in  from  two  to  four  weeks  after  cocking,  an  unnecessary  delay 
after  this  time  often  resulting  in  considerable  shattering  in  the  cock, 
and  in  handling  to  the  machine. 

If  carefully  manipulated,  and  thoroughly  dried  before  threshing, 
beans  may  be  exposed  to  an  inch  or  more  of  rain  in  the  field  without 
serious  damage,  but  if  rained  on  while  in  the  windrow  or  cock,  the 
vines  should  be  turned  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  dry  on  top  in  order 
to  separate  the  damp  pods  from  contact  with  the  soil  and  prevent 
discoloration. 

THRESHING 

The  Floor  Method. — The  floor  method  of  threshing  (fig.  9)  is  still 
in  vogue  in  some  places,  and  has  some  minor  advantages  over  the 
more  modern  methods.  A  threshing  floor  is  prepared  by  wetting  and 
rolling  a  level  piece  of  adobe  soil  until  it  is  smooth  and  hard ;  or  a 
large  heavy  canvas  may  be  used.  A  deep  layer  of  cured  vines  is  then 
placed  on  the  floor  or  canvas  and  unshod  horses,  attached  to  disks  or 
rollers  are  driven  over  them  until  the  seed  is  threshed  free  of  the  pods. 
The  vines  are  then  forked  off  and  the  process  repeated  until  several 
tons  of  beans  have  accumulated.  The  beans  are  then  cleaned  in  fan- 
ning mills  and  sacked.  By  this  process  beans  may  be  threshed 
somewhat  earlier  than  by  machinery,  and  a  higher  grade  product  is 
obtained.  Sacramento  and  San  Francisco  warehouses  report  the  aver- 
age shrinkage  in  recleaning  floored  beans  at  3  per  cent,  and  that  for 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  335 

machine  threshed  Leans  at  from  5  to  7  per  cent.  Bean  buyers  esti- 
mate shrinkage  and  scale  their  prices  accordingly. 

The  Stationary  Machine  Method. — Machines  ranging  in  threshing 
capacity  from  100  to  2500  sacks  per  day  are  available  (figs.  4  and  10). 
The  essentials  of  a  good  machine  are  that  it  be  equipped  with  two  or 
more  cylinders,  and  with  concaves  and  screens  capable  of  separating 
without  waste  the  varieties  to  be  threshed.  Grain  threshers  are 
unsatisfactory  for  the  purpose,  but  may  be  used  by  reducing  the  speed 
of  the  cylinder  from  1100  r.p.m.  to  450  r.p.m.,  or  to  300  r.p.m.  for 
the  Blackeye,  Tepary,  and  Henderson  Bush  varieties,  yet  maintaining 
the  screens  at  constant  speed.  Such  machines  should  be  further 
altered  by  removing  all  but  one  row  of  concave  teeth  and  one-half 
of  the  cylinder  teeth  and  by  sharpening  the  remaining  teeth  to  pre- 
vent wrapping.  Even  with  these  changes  the  work  is  generally 
unsatisfactory. 

The  Comb  Intel  Harvester  Method. — The  combined  harvester  method 
is  new  in  California  but  is  gaining  favor  rapidly  (fig.  11).  By  it  the 
beans  are  left  in  the  windrows  until  thoroughly  cured,  when  they  are 
pieked  up  by  a  movable  threshing  machine  driven  by  its  own  power 
or  drawn  by  a  tractor.  It  results  in  the  elimination  of  cocking  and 
hauling,  and  is  efficient  and  economical  when  employed  under  con- 
ditions to  which  it  is  adapted. 

PREPARATION    FOR    MARKET 

Cleaning  and  Polishing. — Beans  are  always  recleaned  after  thresh- 
ing, in  order  to  insure  a  ready  acceptance  on  the  market.  This  is  done 
in  especially  equipped  establishments  at  central  shipping  points,  and 
is  principally  a  function  of  commission  men  and  dealers. 

The  process  consists  of  running  them  through  a  series  of  machines ; 
the  first  is  a  screen  separator  which  removes  clods,  stones,  broken 
beans,  bits  of  stems  and  pods,  and  other  foreign  matter.  The  second 
is  a  Jessup  adobe  machine  consisting  of  three  revolving  cylinders 
which  separate  by  friction,  clods  the  same  size  as  the  beans,  which  were 
not  removed  by  the  separator.  The  process  is  completed  by  the  Bur- 
dick  polishers,  which  consist  of  hollow  revolving  cylinders  partly 
filled  with  moist  or  dry  sawdust.  Before  sacking  fine  dust  particles 
are  removed  by  an  aspirator.  An  average  contract  price  for  cleaning 
and  polishing,  including  a  double  run  is  $1.35  per  ton. 

The  polish  which  can  be  imparted  to  beans  is  chiefly  dependent 
upon  the  conditions  under  which  they  are  grown  and  harvested,  but 
under  average  conditions  beans  may  be  roughly  classified  as  follows 
as  regards  polishing. 


336  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Susceptible  of  high  polish  : 

Lima  Cranberry  Small  White 

Red  Mexican  Ba.yo  Blue  Pod 

French  White 

Susceptible  of  medium  polish : 

Lady  Washington        Pink  Spotted  Red  Mexican 

Red  Kidney  Henderson  Bush 

Susceptible  of  dull  polish : 

Tepary  Horse  Bean  Garbanzo 

Blackeye 

Shrinkage. — The  loss  in  weight  incident  to  cleaning  is  termed 
shrinkage,  and  varies  from  1  to  10  per  cent,  with  5%  per  cent  as  a 
general  average.  Although  principally  dependent  upon  the  dirt  pres- 
ent and  the  conditions  under  which  the  beans  were  grown  and 
threshed  it  is  also  influenced  by  the  variety.  The  following  varietal 
relationship  was  established  by  testing  several  lots  of  beans  origin- 
ating in  different  parts  of  the  state : 

Split  most  in  threshing  : 

Blackeye  Tepary  Henderson  Bush 

Split  moderately  in  threshing  : 

Red  Kidney  Lady  Washington  Small  White 

Horse  Bean  Bayo  Blue  Pod 

Split  least  in  threshing : 

Cranberry  Pink  Garbanzo 

Spotted  Red  Mexican  Red  Mexican 

Picking. — Discolored  beans  cannot  be  separated  by  machinery  and 
must  be  removed  by  hand  at  an  average  cost  of  two  cents  per  pound, 
the  process  being  termed  "hand  picking"  (fig.  12).  It  is  limited 
almost  entirely  to  the  white  varieties  and  in  normal  years  the  total 
amount  hand  picked  in  California  does  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of  the 
crop. 

Sacking. — Formerly  beans  were  shipped  in  80-pound  sacks,  but 
there  has  been  a  gradual  change  and  in  1916,  75  per  cent  of  the  crop 
was  handled  in  100-pound  sacks,  excepting  the  Horse  Bean,  which  is 
shipped  in  110-pound  grain  sacks. 

Commercial  Grading. — Arbitrary  grades  are  established  each  year 
by  the  Grain  Inspection  Department  of  the  Grain  Trade  Association 
of  San  Francisco.  These  are  based  upon  samples  collected  in  different 
parts  of  the  state  and  are  representative  of  the  crop  for  that  season. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


337 


Iii  addition  to  this  Garbanzos,  Small  White,  and  Lady  Washing- 
tons  are  separated  into  grades  based  upon  size.  The  Garbanzo  into 
five,  and  the  others  into  two  each. 


DOUBLE   CROPPING   OF   BEAN    LAND 


Well-drained,  irrigated  land  may  be  so  managed  that  it  will  yield 
two  crops  each  twelve  months ;  but  to  do  this  successfully,  the  planting 
and  harvesting  operations  must  be  executed  rapidly  so  as  to  shorten 


Fig.  12.— Hand  picking  beans.      (Photo  by  U.   S.  Dept.  Agr.) 


338 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


the  interim  between  crops;  and  early  maturing  varieties  should  be 
employed. 

When  the  regular  bean  crop  is  harvested  in  the  fall,  the  land 
should  be  irrigated  and  planted  to  barley,  Horse  Beans,  or  field  peas. 
These  crops  may  be  harvested  during  the  early  summer,  and  the  land 
again  irrigated  and  planted  to  beans. 

A  twelve-month  calendar  for  such  a  system  would  appear  approx- 
imately as  follows : 

May  25  to  June  25 plant  beans 

Sept.  15  to  Oct.  25 harvest  beans 

Sept.  20  to  Nov.  1 irrigate  and  prepare  seed  bed 

Sept.  25  to  Nov.  5 plant  winter  crop 

May  15  to  June  15 .harvest  winter  crop 

May  20  to  June  20 irrigate  and  prepare  seed  bed 

May  25  to  June  25 plant  beans 

COST    OF    GROWING    BEANS 

The  cost  of  growing  and  marketing  an  acre  of  beans  is  an  uncer- 
tain figure  which  depends  upon  the  general  business  organization  of 
the  enterprise,  the  character  of  the  equipment  employed  and  the  soil 
to  be  worked.  It  also  fluctuates  from  year  to  year  with  labor  values, 
season  and  pests.  In  the  following  table  itemized  statements  of  cost 
for  three  systems  of  culture  practiced  in  California  are  given,  the 
figures  represent  general  averages  only  and  cannot  be  applied  without 
modification  to  any  specific  project. 


tJ^ffi 


yfe  v:u  vrix?  ■  •„ ,  %*%\  :  / 


"7\\!// 


i'ig.  13.— A  large  warehouse,  illustrating  the  California  method  of  storing  beans. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


339 


Total  cost  of  production  per  acre $55.23 

4  Gross  value   of   12   cwt.   beans   @   $8 

per    cwt 96.00 

Net  returns  per  acre $40.77 


Table  10. — Average  Cost  of  Growing  and  Marketing  Beans,  Comparing 
Three  Systems  of  Management  Practiced  in  California 

Dry 
farming1 
Items  of  expense  cost  per  acre 

Deep  fall  plowing   (tractor)  $3.00 

Pulverizing    with    cross    kill     (heavy    land) 

(tractor)    50 

Two  chiselings  or  harrowings   (winter)  2.00 

Disking  or  shallow  plowing    (spring) 

Three  workings  with  cyclone   (spring)  2.40 

Harrowing  and   rolling    (spring)  .50 

Preparation  of  land  for  irrigation   (spring) 

Water  and  labor  of  first  application 

Plowing  and  preparation  of  seed  bed 

Seed   2.00 

Planting  (two-row  planter)  .50 

Rolling  after  planting  (corrugated  roller)  ....         .50 

Filling  blanks  by  hand .30 

Hand  hoeing  .60 

Cultivating  three  times  (two-row  cultivators)        2.25 

Second   irrigation    (labor) 

Hoeing  and  cultivation  after  irrigation 

Fighting  pests 1.00 

Cutting    75 

Turning  and  shocking .85 

Hauling    vines    .40 

Thrashing  1200  lbs.  @  40c  per  cwt 4.80 

Sacks  and  twine    (12-sack  crop) 2.25 

Hauling  to  warehouse  (5  miles)  .60 

Recleaning,  weighing  and  storage 1.40 

Insurance  in  warehouse  3%  on  8c  value 2.88 

Interest  @   8%  on  land,  equipment  and  im- 
provements   (includes   taxes)  25.00 

Depreciation  on  equipment,  stock,  implements 

and    buildings    .40 

Incidental  expenses,  selling,  etc 35 


Sub- 
irrigation2 
cost  per  acre 

$3.00 

Surface 

irrigation3 

cost  per  acre 

.50 

1.50 

1.30 

$2.00 

6.00 

3.75 

2.00 

2.00 

.50 

.50 

.20 

.20 

.75 

1.50 

2.25 

2.25 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

.75 

.75 

.85 

.85 

.40 

.40 

4.80 

4.80 

2.25 

2  21 

.60 

.60 

1.40 

1.40 

2.88 

2.88 

25.00 

.40 
.35 


$52.68 


96.00 
$43.32 


25.00 

.40 
.35 

$30.88 

96.00 
$35.12 


*Dry  farmed  bean  lands  constitute  over  60  per  cent  of  the  state's  bean  acreage  and  include 
most  of  the  Small  White  and  Blue  Pod  territory  of  the  central  coast  counties,  the  Lima 
territory  of  southern  California,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  Blackeye  and  Tepary  territory 
of  the  interior  districts.  . 

2  Sub-irrigaed  bean  lands  are  of  two  kinds,  including  firstly  the  reclamation  districts  of 
the  Sacramento  River  and  the  Stockton  delta,  and  secondly  the  high  water  table  lands  result- 
ing from   irrigation,    such   as   occur   in   Fresno   and   Merced   counties    and   other  parts   of   the 

a  ^Surface  irrigated  bean  lands  are  relatively  limited  in  extent  but  occur  in  all  parts  of  the 
state  and  are  increasing  in  extent  and  importance. 

4  The  value  of  the  straw  and  cull  beans  might  properly  be  credited  to  the  bean  account  but 
has  bpen  omitted  in  this  instance  because  of  the  uncertain  market  for  these  by-products. 

5  The  net  returns  here  given  are  based  upon  a  conservative  yield  of  1200  pounds  per  acre, 
and  a  fixed  price  of  8  cents  per  pound,  while  either  of  these  figures,  might  with  propriety, 
be  increased  or  diminished  by  50  per  cent  to  suit  individual  cases. 


340 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


UTILIZATION    OF    BEAN    STRAW 

Bean  straw  from  certain  varieties  is  recognized  as  a  good  feed  for 
cattle  and  sheep,  especially  when  chopped  and  mixed  with  silage  or 
alfalfa,  and  fed  with  concentrates.  Bean  straw  consists  of  the  stems 
and  pods  of  the  plants,  all  the  leaves  being  lost  in  curing  and  thresh- 
ing, and  since  the  different  varieties  vary  greatly  both  in  the  texture 
and  composition  of  these  parts,  the  straws  which  they  yield  are  of 
unequal  feeding  value.     (Table  11.) 

Texture  of  Straw  and  Pods. — Based  upon  texture,  bean  straws  and 
pods  may  be  classified  as  follows : 


Straw  coarse  and  harsh 
Horse  Bean 
Blackeye 
Red  Kidney 
Bayo 

Straw  medium : 
Lima 

Large  White 
Red  Mexican 
Pink 
Cranberry 

Straw  fine : 
Small  White 
Garbanzo 
Tepary 


Pods  coarse : 
Red  Kidney 
Bayo 

Cranberry 
Horse  Bean 

Pods  medium : 
Small  White 
Blackeye 
Lima 

Pods  fine : 
Tepary 
Garbanzo 
Red  Mexican 
Pink 
Large  White 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  341 


APPENDIX 

COMPOSITION    OF   CALIFORNIA   BEAN   VARIETIES 

By  M.  E.  JAFFA  and  F.  W.  ALBRO 

The  data  here  reported  are  the  results  of  cooperative  work  between 
the  Divisions  of  Nutrition  and  Agronomy.  Sixteen  samples  of  beans 
were  examined  and  in  connection  therewith  the  corresponding  straw 
and  pods.  Table  11  shows  the  analyses  of  the  seeds,  straws,  and  pods 
of  the  principal  California  varieties. 

Composition  of  Seed. — The  average  protein  percentage  of  the  beans 
examined  is  20.84.  The  samples  which  depart  materially  from  the 
average  are  the  French  White,  showing  26.34  per  cent,  the  Spotted 
Red  Mexican,  with  22.23  per  cent,  and  the  Bayo  with  22.58. 

It  may  be  said  in  general  that  with  the  exception  of  the  three 
varieties  just  mentioned  the  protein  content  is  low  as  compared  with 
analyses  of  beans  reported  by  different  authorities.  In  Henry's 
"Feeds  and  Feedings''  we  find  26  per  cent  protein  quoted  for  the 
Horse  Bean  and  27.02  for  the  Tepary.  It  is  well  known  that  the  aver- 
age protein  content  of  California  wheat  is  lower  than  that  raised  in 
localities -of  the  middle  west  and  northwest,  and  this  is  true  even  for 
the  same  varieties. 

The  ash  for  the  sixteen  varieties  analyzed  averages  4.11  per  cent. 
No  one  variety  departs  materially  from  this  figure  which  corresponds 
well  with  that  obtained  elsewhere. 

It  will  be  noted  upon  examination  of  the  table  that  one  variety, 
the  Garbanzo,  6.25  per  cent,  stands  out  very  prominently  with  refer- 
ence to  fat.  The  average  for  sixteen  varieties  is  2.26  per  cent.  The 
Pink,  with  3.65  per  cent,  and  Garbanzo,  with  6.25  per  cent,  being  the 
only  varieties  differing  materially  from  this  average. 

The  maximum  percentage  7.10  per  cent  of  crude  fiber  is  shown  for 
the  Horse  Bean,  while  the  minimum  is  observed  in  the  case  of  the 
Garbanzo  or  Chick  pea,  yielding  2.34  per  cent,  the  average  for  the 
sixteen  varieties  being  4.25  per  cent.  This  agrees  very  closely  with 
figures  obtained  on  similar  varieties  noted  in  various  publications. 

Carbohydrates,  excluding  crude  fiber,  constitutes  the  main  in- 
gredient of  the  bean  seed,  the  average  for  the  varieties  tested  being 
58.62  per  cent.  The  maximum  63.82  per  cent  is  yielded  by  the  Black- 
eye  variety,  while  the  minimum  53.99  per  cent  is  credited  to  the 
French  White. 


342  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Composition  of  Straws. — Cereal  straws  show  low  percentages  of 
protein,  the  highest,  3.9  per  cent,  being  recorded  for  rice.  The  mini- 
mum for  bean  straw,  on  the  other  hand,  is  3.5  per  cent.  The  maximum 
protein  content  for  bean  straw,  9.86  per  cent,  is  credited  to  the  Tepary. 
The  Spotted  Red  Mexican,  7.18  per  cent,  ranks  second.  Seven  varie- 
ties out  of  the  fifteen  yield  upwards  of  6  per  cent  of  protein,  while 
the  average  for  the  fifteen  is  5.68  per  cent.  This  is  a  very  favorable 
showing  for  bean  straws  as  compared  with  similar  cereal  by-products. 
The  fat  yield  with  the  exception  of  the  Garbanzo  corresponds  to 
similar  determinations  with  the  cereal  straws.  It  is  of  interest  to 
observe  that  while  the  bean  straws  are  richer  in  protein  than  those 
of  the  cereals,  they  also  rank  higher  than  the  latter  in  crude  fiber, 
while  the  figures  for  water  and  fat  do  not  differ  materially.  It  there- 
fore follows  that  the  nitrogen-free  extract  of  the  bean  straw  is  lower 
than  that  of  the  cereal  by-products. 

Composition  of  Pods. — The  percentages  indicated  for  the  protein 
are  low,  with  the  exception  of  the  varieties  French  White  and  Blue 
Pod  showing  7.38  and  5.96  per  cent,  respectively.  The  average  protein 
content  for  thirteen  varieties,  excluding  the  above,  is  3.91  per  cent, 
while  the  average  for  the  fifteen  varieties  is  represented  by  the  figure 
4.29.  The  bean  pods  all  rank  high  in  crude  fiber.  The  minimum 
figure  for  this  ingredient  is  noted  in  the  case  of  the  Cranberry, 
accounting  for  its  usefulness  as  a  garden  stringless  snap  variety.  It 
also  ranks  low  in  protein  and,  therefore,  correspondingly  high  in 
carbohydrates.  This  should  render  it  more  valuable  for  a  human  food 
than  either  the  Lima,  Small  White,  Tepary,  or  Garbanzo,  with  37.20, 
34.85,  36.97,  and  33.48  per  cent  crude  fiber,  respectively.  The  Blue 
Pod,  however,  should  even  outclass  the  Cranberry  on  account  of  its 
high  protein  content  and  low  percentage  of  fiber. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA 


343 


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344  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


INSECT   AND   OTHER   ENEMIES  OF   BEANS 

By  E.  R.  deONG 

Bean  Weevil  (Acanthocelides  obtectus). — The  weevils  attacking 
beans  are  grayish  black  insects  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  with 
head  bent  at  right  angles  to  the  body,  and  the  tip  of  the  abdomen 
projecting  beyond  the  wing  covers.  The  young  of  these  are  tiny  gray 
larvae  or  grubs,  one  or  more  of  which  may  be  found  in  a  single  bean. 

Infestation  of  the  bean  may  begin  either  in  the  field  or  when  the 
crop  is  stored,  for  the  weevils  frequently  live  over  in  waste  beans  of 
the  previous  crop.  In  the  field  the  egg  is  laid  on  the  newly  formed 
bean  pod ;  the  larva  hatching  from  this  egg  burrows  through  the  pod 
and  into  the  young  bean.  The  wound  formed  is  inconspicuous  and 
should  not  be  confused  with  the  work  of  larger  insects  which  some- 
times consume  the  greater  part  of  the  contents  of  the  pod.  The  larvae 
which  attack  the  beans  in  the  field  mature  after  the  crop  is  stored, 
emerging  as  adult  beetles  to  begin  ovipositing  on  the  surface  of  the 
beans  or  in  the  old  burrows.  This  generation  of  grubs  burrows  into 
the  dry  bean  as  readily  as  did  those  of  the  first  generation  into  the 
green  bean.  Breeding  continues  throughout  the  winter,  unless 
checked  by  low  temperatures,  there  being  a  possibility  of  five  to  eight 
generations  a  year.  Hence,  beans  which  are  slightly  infested  when 
stored  in  the  fall  may  be  utterly  destroyed  by  planting  time  the 
following  spring. 

The  food  value  of  the  crop  may  be  entirely  destroj^ed,  particularly 
when  several  larvae  develop  in  a  single  bean,  and  its  value  for  seed 
may  be  seriously  impaired,  the  latter  injury  being  in  direct  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  weevils  present.  Seed  which  has  been  attacked 
by  two  or  more  larvae  may  germinate  and  make  a  good  growth,  but 
such  plants  may  set  very  little  seed. 

Control. — The  crop  should  be  harvested  as  early  as  possible  when 
there  is  danger  of  infestation  in  the  field  and  stored  in  a  room  free 
from  weevils.  Fumigate  the  beans  with  carbon  disulphide  at  the  first 
sign  of  infestation,  using  ten  pounds  per  thousand  cubic  feet  in  a 
room  that  is  only  approximately  air  tight.  If  a  specially  built  fumi- 
gating room  is  available,  the  amount  of  carbon  disulfide  may  be 
reduced  to  three  pounds  per  thousand  cubic  feet,  or  sodium  cyanide 
may  be  substituted  for  the  former  chemical,  it  being  used  at  the  rate 
of  one  ounce  per  hundred  cubic  feet.  The  latter  material  should  be 
given  preference  in  fumigating  seed  beans  as  there  is  less  danger 
of  injuring  their  perminating  qualities  when  it  is  used. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  345 

Horsc-Bean  Weevil  (Bruchus  rufimanus). — This  insect  feeds  only 
on  the  Horse  Bean,  the  attack  in  the  field  and  the  injury  inflicted 
being  similar  to  that  of  the  species  feeding  on  small  beans.  There  is 
this  difference,  however,  in  their  life  history :  The  Horse-Bean  weevil 
has  but  one  brood  a  year  which  is  reared  in  the  green  bean.  The  egg 
is  deposited  on  the  pod,  the  larva  hatching  from  this  egg  burrows 
into  the  developing  bean  seed,  pupates  there  and  emerges  as  a  mature 
beetle  which  lies  dormant  until  spring. 

Control. — The  same  measures  are  applicable  for  this  species  as 
for  the  one  working  on  small  beans  with  this  additional  measure, 
that  if  the  beans  are  held  over  one  year  in  a  tight  box  or  sack,  from 
which  the  weevil  cannot  escape,  the  insects  will  all  die  and  the  seed  can 
be  used  the  following  season  without  danger  of  further  infestation. 

Red  Spider  (Tetranychus  tel-arms). — A  very  minute  plant  mite, 
varying  in  color  from  green  to  deep  red,  which  is  found  in  the  leaves 
of  beans  and  many  other  plants.  This  mite  is  a  serious  pest  of  all  our 
summer-grown  beans,  excepting  the  Garbanzo  and  Blackeye.  The 
eggs,  which  are  microscopic  in  size,  are  laid  directly  on  the  under  side 
of  the  leaf  or  in  the  web  which  it  spins.  The  entire  life  of  the  spider 
covers  from  four  to  seven  weeks  in  hot  weather  and  since  each  female 
lays  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  eggs,  the  possibilities  for  increase  are 
enormous. 

This  mite  passes  the  winter  in  a  dormant  condition  in  the  ground 
near  the  plants  upon  which  it  feeds,  or  on  the  root-talks  of  over- 
wintering plants,  such  as  wild  morning  glory  (Ccmvolvidus  arvensis), 
or  it  may  continue  to  feed  and  perpetuate  itself  on  the  leaves  of  other 
low-growing  plants  in  sheltered  places.  AVith  the  coming  of  warm 
weather  the  mite  becomes  active  and  begins  to  increase,  but  not  to  any 
marked  extent  until  the  hot  weather  of  July  and  August.  At  this 
time  the  females  are  particularly  active  in  crawling  from  plant  to 
plant  and  even  over  the  ground  in  search  of  new  food  plants.  Wind 
also  aids  in  their  dispersion,  and  when  feeding  on  trees,  they  may  be 
carried  a  distance  of  several  hundred  feet  by  a  strong  breeze,  starting 
a  colony  on  any  suitable  host  plant. 

The  leaves  of  attacked  plants  turn  pale,  dry  up,  and  if  the  invasion 
is  severe  the  plant  may  be  killed,  and  eventually  serious  damage  may 
be  done  to  the  entire  crop. 

Control. — A  careful  application  of  sulphur  on  the  under  side  of 
the  leaf,  when  the  attack  is  first  noticed,  or  by  way  of  precaution,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  blooming  season  is  the  cheapest  and  most  satis- 
factory form  of  control.  Very  fine  dusting  sulphur  may  be  applied 
at  the  rate  of  twenty  to  forty  pounds  per  acre,  with  a  blower,  either 


346  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

by  means  of  a  hand  outfit  or  a  power  dusting  machine.  The  important 
point  is  to  distribute  the  chemical  evenly  over  the  under  side  of  every 
leaf,  for  sulphur  is  effective  over  only  a  small  fraction  of  an  inch. 
One  application  will  last  two  or  three  weeks  and  if  done  carefully  and 
thoroughly  should  hold  the  spider  in  check  so  that  a  crop  can  be 
matured. 

If  desired  the  sulphur  may  be  applied  as  a  wet  spray  by  first 
mixing  the  sulphur  into  flour  paste,  using  the  latter  at  the  rate  of  four 
gallons  of  paste  to  one  hundred  gallons  of  spray;  Professor  Gray's 
method  of  using  glue  water  (one  ounce  of  glue  dissolved  in  one 
gallon  of  water)  for  mixing  the  sulphur  will  also  be  found  very 
satisfactory.  Ten  pounds  of  sulphur  for  a  200-gallon  tank  of  spray 
is  the  common  formula  for  liquid  applications. 

Bean  Thrips  (Ileliotrips  fasciatus). — The  adult  insect  is  about 
1/25  of  an  inch  in  length,  grayish  black  in  color  crossed  with  white 
bands.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  red  spider  by  the  elongated 
body  and  the  presence  of  wings ;  and  the  leaves  upon  which  they  feed 
are  spotted  with  black  excrement  and  there  is  no  web.  The  larvae 
are  almost  transparent  but  with  deep  red  markings  along  the  sides  of 
the  body,  both  stages  of  the  insect  are  usually  found  in  the  under  side 
of  the  leaf  or  on  the  green  pods. 

Winter  is  passed  in  the  adult  stage,  egg-laying  beginning  early  in 
the  spring  on  some  one  of  the  numerous  host  plants.  The  eggs  are 
inserted  in  the  leaves  or  stem  of  the  plant.  Pupation  takes  place  in 
the  dry  leaves  on  the  ground  or  beneath  clods.  It  develops  more 
slowly  than  the  red  spider  but  there  is  a  possibility  of  three  or  four 
broods  a  year  in  California. 

Leaves  infested  with  thrips  turn  pale  and  drop  and  if  the  attack 
is  severe  entire  defoliation  may  follow.  The  bean  pod  takes  on  a 
silvery  white  appearance,  impairing  its  value  as  a  green  vegetable. 

Control. — This  insect  is  seldom  injurious  enough  to  warrant  an 
effort  towards  control.  If  the  plants  are  kept  in  a  thrifty  condition 
with  plenty  of  available  moisture,  they  can  usually  withstand  the 
attack,  but  if  necessary  to  spray,  tobacco  decoctions  may  be  used,  such 
as  nicotine  sulphate  combined  with  soap. 

Nicotine   sulphate,   40% 5  ounces 

Fish  oil  or  laundry  soap 2  pounds 

Water    50  gallons 

Dissolve  enough  soap  in  water  to  form  suds;  pour  into  the  spray 
tank  and  add  the  nicotine  sulphate.  Apply  the  spray  to  the  under 
sides  of  the  leaves  by  means  of  an  angle  nozzle. 


BEAN   CULTURE  IN   CALIFORNIA  347 

Bean  Aphis  (Aphis  r  unite  is). — This  aphid  attacks  all  species  of 
beans,  but  since  the  insects  are  most  abundant  in  the  spring,  the 
Horse  Bean,  which  is  commonly  maturing  at  this  time,  usually  suffers 
more  than  the  other  varieties,  while  the  Garbanzo  is  practically 
immune  from  attack.  When  necessary  to  spray  the  same  formula  as 
recommended  for  the  bean  thrips  may  be  used. 

Flea  Beetles  and  Diabrotica. — Bean  foliage  is  sometimes  infested 
by  tiny  black  or  brownish  jumping  insects,  known  as  flea  beetles, 
which  eat  irregular  holes  in  the  leaves.  Another  insect  frequently 
invading  bean  fields  in  great  swarms  is  the  Diabrotica,  a  green,  black- 
spotted  beetle,  4/16  to  5/16  of  an  inch  long,  which  strips  the  foliage 
and  even  feeds  on  the  stems.  It  is  very  difficult  to  poison  it  but  a 
careful  application  of  arsenicals  will  kill  part  of  the  beetles  and  check 
the  attack  of  the  others,  thus  giving  an  opportunity  for  the  plant  to 
recover.  Lead  arsenate  is  commonly  used  at  the  rate  of  eight  pounds 
to  one  hundred  gallons  of  spray,  the  application  being  made  both 
to  the  upper  and  lower  sides  of  the  leaf.  The  standard  or  Pyro  type 
of  lead  arsenate  should  be  used  in  the  interior  valleys  when  there  is 
no  danger  of  damp  or  showery  weather,  but  under  the  latter  circum- 
stances the  neutral  or  Ortho-lead  arsenate  should  always  be  used, 
as  it  is  much  less  apt  to  burn  the  foliage.  In  the  coast  regions  subject 
to  fogs  the  neutral  is  the  only  form  that  can  be  used  with  any  degree 
of  safety.  Another  spray  used  as  a  protection  against  beetles  but 
which  acts  only  as  a  repellant  is  the  Bordeaux  mixture : 

Copper   sulphate   4  pounds 

Quicklime  4  pounds 

Water   50  gallons 

Dissolve  the  copper  sulphate  in  a  wooden  vessel,  slake  the  lime  in 
a  separate  container  and  pour  the  solutions  together  into  the  tank  of 
water;  do  not  mix  the  concentrated  solutions.  Lead  arsenate  may  be 
added  to  the  Bordeaux  if  desired. 

If  grasshoppers  begin  to  migrate  into  the  bean  field  a  poisoned 
bran  bait  should  be  scattered  along  the  edge  of  the  field  from  which 
they  are  entering.  The  arsenical  spray  on  the  foliage  should  not  be 
trusted  to  check  the  inroads  of  large  numbers  of  grasshoppers  for, 
on  account  of  the  slow  action  of  arsenic,  much  damage  will  result 
before  the  outbreak  is  checked. 

Wireworms  sometimes  cause  a  loss  to  beans  planted  on  land 
infested  with  this  larva.  Control  of  this  insect  is  very  difficult,  but 
by  late  planting  and  using  an  excess  of  seed  a  stand  can  often  be 
secured  even  when  wireworms  are  very  abundant. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


REPORTS 

1897.      Resistant  Vines,   their  Selection,   Adaptation,   and   Grafting.      Appendix  to   Viticulture] 
Report  for  1896. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station   for   1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station   for   1901-03. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-04. 

1914.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

1915.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

1916.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

1917.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station. 


No. 

230. 
241. 
242. 
246. 
248. 

250. 
251. 


252. 
253. 

255. 
257. 
261. 

262. 

263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 

267. 
268. 
270. 


No. 
113. 
114. 
115. 
121. 

124. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
129. 
131. 
133. 
135. 
136. 
137. 
138. 
139. 


140. 


142. 

143. 

144. 
147. 
148. 
150. 
151. 
152. 

153. 

154. 

155. 
156. 

15  7. 

ir>8. 


BULLETINS 

No. 

271. 
272. 
273. 


Enological  Investigations^ 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  1. 

Humus  in  California  Soils. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  XI. 

The  Economic  Value  of  Pacific   Const  274. 

Kelps. 
The  Loquat.  275. 

Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic 

Matter    in    Septic    and    Imhoff   Tank  276. 

Sludges.  277. 

Deterioration  of  Lumber.  278. 

Irrigation   and   Soil   Conditions   in  the  279. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California.  280. 

The  Citricola  Scale. 

New  Dosage  Tables.  282. 

Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia."  283. 

Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida    and    Cuba  284. 

Compared  with  Those  of  California.  285. 

Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives.  286. 

The  Calibration  of  the  Leakage  Meter.  288. 

Cottonv  Rot  of  Lemons  in   California. 
A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the  290. 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind. 
Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus.  291. 

Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 
A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping:.  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 

on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 


CIRCULARS 

No. 

160. 

161. 

162. 


Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

Increasing  the  Duty  of  Water. 

Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards. 

Some    Things    the    Prospective    Settler 
Should    Know.  164. 

Alfalfa   Silage  for  Fattening  Steers.  165. 

Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

House  Fumigation.  166. 

Insecticide  Formulas.  167. 

The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects.  168. 

Spraying  for  Control  of  Walnut  Aphis. 

County  Farm  Adviser.  169. 

Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows.  170. 

Melilotus  Indica. 

Wood  Decay  in  Orchard  Trees.  172. 

The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture.  174. 

The    Generation    of   Hydrocyanic    Acid  175. 

Gas  in   Fumigation  by  Portable  Ma- 
chines. 176. 

The  Practical  Application  of  Improved 
Methods  of  Fermentation  in  Califor-  177. 

nia  Wineries  during  1913  and  1914.  181. 

Practical  and  Inexpensive  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 182. 

Control    of    Grasshoppers    in    Imperial 
Valley.  183. 

Oidium  or  Powderv  Mildew  of  the  Vine.  184. 

Tomato  Growing  in  California.  185. 

"Lungworms." 

Round  Worms  in  Poultry.  186. 

Feeding:  and  Management  of  Hogs.  187. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand-  188. 

ling  of  Grain   in   California.  190. 

Announcement  of  the  California  State  191. 

Dairv  Cow  Competition,    1916-18.  '         192. 

Irrigation    Practice   in    Growing   Small  193. 

Fruite  in  California.  196. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis.  197. 

How  to  Operate  an  Incubator. 

Control  of  the  Pear  Scab.  198. 

Home  and  Farm  Canning. 


Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

The  Common  Honey  Bee  as  an  Agent 
in  Prune  Pollination. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Pomegranate. 

Sudan  Grass. 

Grain  Sorghums. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

Trials  with  California  Silage  Crops  for 
Dairy  Cows. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  Imperial  Valley. 

The  Milch  Goat  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Potash  from  Tule  and  the  Fertilizer 
Value  of  Certain  Marsh  Plants. 

The  June  Drop  of  Washington  Navel 
Oranges. 

The  Common  Honey  Bee  as  an  Agent 
in  Prune  Pollination.     (2nd  report. ^ 


Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 

Potatoes  in  California. 

White    Diarrhoea    and    Coccidiosis    of 
Chicks. 

Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

Fundamentals    of    Sugar    Beets    under 
California   Conditions. 

The  County  Farm  Bureau. 

Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 

Spraying  for  the  Control  of  Wild  Morn- 
ing-Glory within  the  Fog  Belt. 

The  1918  Grain  Crop. 

Fertilizing     California     Soils     for     the 
1918  Crop. 

Wheat  Culture. 

Farm  Drainage  Methods. 

Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 
Distribution  of  Milk. 

Hog     Cholera      Prevention      and     the 
Serum  Treatment. 

Grain  Sorghums. 

Control     of     the     California     Ground 
Squirrel. 

Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat 
in   California   for   1918. 

Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 

A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 

Beekeeping  for  the  Fruit-Grower   and 
Small  Rancher,  or  Amateur. 

Poultry  on  the  Farm. 

Utilizing  the  Sorghums. 

Lambing  Sheds. 

Agriculture  Clubs  in  California. 

Pruning  the  Seedless  Grapes. 

Cotton  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 

Dairy  Calves  for  Veal. 

Suggestions    for    Increasing    Egg    Pro- 
duction in  a  Time  of  High-Feed  Prices. 

Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 


